{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:54:22Z","timestamp":1785412462070,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780099200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"National Science Centre of Poland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NCN 2013\/11\/B\/NZ5\/00118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NCN 2013\/11\/B\/NZ5\/00118"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["NCN 2013\/11\/B\/NZ5\/00118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NCN 2013\/11\/B\/NZ5\/00118"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03ha2q922","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) exhibit reduced serum levels of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Alterations in fatty acid profiles may contribute to increased cardiovascular risk and potentially accelerate CKD progression. Aim: The aim of the study was to assess whether fatty acid profiles measured a decade earlier predicted CKD progression and cardiovascular events. Additionally, the impact of dietary patterns at baseline was evaluated. Methods: The study comprised 77 patients with CKD whose serum fatty acid profiles had been assessed approximately a decade earlier. Follow-up data on CKD progression, cardiovascular events, and all-cause mortality were collected. Dietary habits were assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. The composite endpoint was defined as renal replacement therapy initiation or occurrence of stroke, myocardial infarction, or death. Results: Higher n-3 PUFA content was significantly associated with a lower risk of the composite endpoint in Cox regression analysis (HR = 0.63; 95% CI: 0.40\u20130.99; p = 0.044). Significant differences in event-free survival were observed in patients with higher n-3\/n-6 PUFA ratios (log-rank test, \u03c72 = 4.58, p = 0.032). Patients who experienced stroke or myocardial infarction had significantly higher levels of n-6 PUFA (32.85% vs. 29.94% Mann\u2013Whitney U test, p = 0.037) and lower n-3\/n-6 PUFA ratios (0.07 vs. 0.08, Mann\u2013Whitney U test, p = 0.045). Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) content was significantly lower at baseline in patients who required renal replacement therapy during follow-up compared with those who did not experience this outcome (0.66% [0.48\u20130.82] vs. 0.88% [0.64\u20131.13], Mann\u2013Whitney U test, p = 0.02). Conclusions: Lower serum n-3 PUFA levels were observed in patients who reached the composite endpoint during follow-up. A higher n-3\/n-6 PUFA ratio showed a protective effect in survival analysis, and higher EPA content was associated with a lower risk of renal replacement therapy initiation. A more favorable fatty acid profile may be linked to improved cardiovascular and renal outcomes. Further studies are needed to clarify the role of fatty acid profiles in long-term outcomes among patients with CKD, in whom cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18111760","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T12:19:42Z","timestamp":1780316382000},"page":"1760","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Higher Serum Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Content Is Associated with Improved Long-Term Cardiovascular and Renal Outcomes in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4801-4204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Sikorska-Wi\u015bniewska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2877-5652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana","family":"Mika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Analytics, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9028-3790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"\u015aledzi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0625-148X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Izabella","family":"Ku\u017amiuk-Glembin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8210-8063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicja","family":"D\u0119bska-\u015alizie\u0144","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8126-8786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Chmielewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Clinical Immunology, Geriatrics and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2003.00803.x","article-title":"Reverse epidemiology of cardiovascular risk factors in maintenance dialysis patients","volume":"63","author":"Block","year":"2003","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"755","article-title":"Potential contribution of monounsaturated fatty acids to cardiovascular risk in chronic kidney disease","volume":"128","author":"Mika","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pol. 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