{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:27:38Z","timestamp":1785421658638,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Secretar\u00eda de Educaci\u00f3n, Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n de la Ciudad de M\u00e9xico","award":["SECTEI\/149\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SECTEI\/149\/2023"]}]},{"name":"SECIHTI","award":["844550"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["844550"]}]},{"award":["844550"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["844550"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/059ex5q34","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"DGPIS","award":["FPIS-2023-INCMN-5130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPIS-2023-INCMN-5130"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) involves metabolic alterations that may affect breast milk composition. Imbalances in protein and fatty acid (FA) profiles have been reported in mature milk from mothers with GDM. However, evidence for colostrum and transitional milk is limited, despite the key role of \u03c9-3 and \u03c9-6 Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in neonatal neurodevelopment. This study compared \u03c9-3 and \u03c9-6 PUFAs and protein concentrations in colostrum and transitional milk from women with and without GDM. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2023 to December 2024. Women aged \u2265 18 years with GDM and non-GDM pregnancies recruited at Hospital General de M\u00e9xico \u201cDr. Eduardo Liceaga\u201d were included. Colostrum and transitional milk samples were collected at 0\u20135 and 6\u201314 days postpartum, respectively. To assess whether postpartum time (hours) and maternal group (non-GDM vs. GDM) affected milk volume, an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was performed. Differences in milk composition between the GDM and non-GDM groups were assessed using Student\u2019s t test or the Mann\u2013Whitney U test, according to variable distribution. Results: A total of 71 milk samples were analyzed: 51 colostrum samples (25 from women with GDM and 26 from women with non-GDM) and 20 transitional milk samples (10 from women with GDM and 10 from women with non-GDM). A moderate correlation was observed between milk volume and postpartum time, with no significant differences between the GDM and non-GDM groups. Colostrum from women with GDM had lower protein content compared with milk from women with non-GDM (3.8 \u00b1 0.4 vs. 5.2 \u00b1 0.5 g\/dL, p = 0.02) and transitional milk (1.4 \u00b1 0.2 vs. 2.2 \u00b1 0.2 g\/dL, p = 0.02). Transitional milk from GDM group showed higher total fat (5.7 \u00b1 1.8 vs. 2.0 \u00b1 0.4 g\/100 g, p = 0.05) and fat-to-protein ratio (3.9 \u00b1 1.1 vs. 1.0 \u00b1 0.3, p = 0.02), along with an increased \u03c9-6\/\u03c9-3 ratio driven by higher linoleic acid and lower \u03b1-linolenic acid concentrations. Conclusions: GDM was associated with variations in breast milk protein and FA profiles with a potential negative impact on the newborn\u2019s neurodevelopment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18111803","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T13:46:48Z","timestamp":1780494408000},"page":"1803","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Omega Fatty Acid and Protein Profiles of Colostrum and Transitional Milk in Mexican Women With and Without Gestational Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Larissa","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Ortega","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Biology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y Nutrici\u00f3n \u201cSalvador Zubir\u00e1n\u201d (INCMNSZ), Mexico City 14080, Mexico"},{"name":"Child Wellness Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital General de M\u00e9xico Dr. Eduardo Liceaga, Mexico City 06720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3435-497X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos A.","family":"Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Biology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y Nutrici\u00f3n \u201cSalvador Zubir\u00e1n\u201d (INCMNSZ), Mexico City 14080, Mexico"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Facultad de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0493-5140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Oma\u00f1a-Guzm\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Wellness Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital General de M\u00e9xico Dr. Eduardo Liceaga, Mexico City 06720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0390-7305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Consuelo","family":"Lomas Soria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Biology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y Nutrici\u00f3n \u201cSalvador Zubir\u00e1n\u201d (INCMNSZ), Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0519-3254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Leopoldo","family":"Aguilar Faisal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Conservation Medicine, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9647-9487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omar","family":"Granados Portillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Physiology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y Nutrici\u00f3n \u201cSalvador Zubir\u00e1n\u201d (INCMNSZ), Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"M\u00e9ndez Carballo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Wellness Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital General de M\u00e9xico Dr. Eduardo Liceaga, Mexico City 06720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilia","family":"Lozano Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Wellness Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital General de M\u00e9xico Dr. Eduardo Liceaga, Mexico City 06720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fausto","family":"Coronel Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Hospital General de M\u00e9xico Dr. Eduardo Liceaga, Mexico City 06720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Carranco Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Hospital General de M\u00e9xico Dr. Eduardo Liceaga, Mexico City 06720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V\u00edctor","family":"Carmona Ornelas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Hospital General de M\u00e9xico Dr. Eduardo Liceaga, Mexico City 06720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8261-939X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nayely","family":"Garibay-Nieto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Wellness Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital General de M\u00e9xico Dr. Eduardo Liceaga, Mexico City 06720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0362-9117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Zambrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Biology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y Nutrici\u00f3n \u201cSalvador Zubir\u00e1n\u201d (INCMNSZ), Mexico City 14080, Mexico"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Facultad de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups Consensus Panel (2010). 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