{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T01:56:28Z","timestamp":1781142988953,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780704000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Technology Innovation Center for Dairy","award":["2023-JSCG-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-JSCG-8"]}]},{"name":"National Technology Innovation Center for Dairy","award":["2024-KFKT-033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-KFKT-033"]}]},{"name":"CIFST\u2014Yili Foundation of Health Science","award":["2023-Y07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-Y07"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) adversely affects offspring neurobehavioral outcomes, yet evidence regarding continuous markers of maternal glucose metabolism remains limited. Although polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been shown to affect associations between glucose metabolism and respiratory outcomes, their effects on children\u2019s emotional and behavioral problems remain unclear. This study investigated the association between maternal glucose metabolism and emotional and behavioral problems in children and the potential modifying effect of maternal erythrocyte PUFAs. Methods: This prospective birth cohort included 481 mother\u2013child pairs. Maternal glucose metabolism during pregnancy was assessed using GDM diagnosis via a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 1 h and 2 h OGTT glucose, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), insulin, and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Maternal erythrocyte PUFAs were quantified by gas chromatography. Children\u2019s emotional and behavioral problems at age 5 years were assessed using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Generalized linear models were used to evaluate associations, including multiplicative interaction terms between glucose metabolism indicators and PUFAs. Results: Maternal FPG (OR = 1.63; 95%CI: 1.08\u20132.47), OGTT-1h glucose (OR = 1.84; 95%CI: 1.08\u20133.12), and HOMA-IR (OR = 1.52; 95%CI: 1.01\u20132.27) were each positively associated with an increased risk of abnormal total difficulties scores in children. Maternal insulin levels were positively associated with abnormal total difficulties scores in girls (p for interaction &lt; 0.05). Higher maternal n-3 PUFA levels and lower n-6 PUFA levels attenuated the risk of glucose metabolism-related emotional and behavioral problems in children. Conclusion: Maternal glucose metabolism was associated with increased risk of emotional and behavioral problems in children. PUFA biomarkers could modify glucose-related emotional and behavioral outcomes in children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18121840","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T02:32:46Z","timestamp":1780885966000},"page":"1840","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Maternal Glucose Metabolism and Emotional and Behavioral Problems in Offspring: Modification by Erythrocyte Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Xuanqing","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3093-291X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sufang","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Technology Innovation Center for Dairy, Hohhot 010110, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Technology Innovation Center for Dairy, Hohhot 010110, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yili Maternal and Infant Nutrition Institute (YMINI), Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group, Co., Ltd., Beijing 100071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yili Maternal and Infant Nutrition Institute (YMINI), Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group, Co., Ltd., Beijing 100071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minyan","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaonan","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lizi","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China"},{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5227-5565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nutrition & Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8579-5986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2006.01618.x","article-title":"Common emotional and behavioral disorders in preschool children: Presentation, nosology, and epidemiology","volume":"47","author":"Egger","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12381","article-title":"Annual research review: A meta-analysis of the worldwide prevalence of mental disorders in children and adolescents","volume":"56","author":"Polanczyk","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1255","article-title":"Emotional and behavioral problems associated with health-risk behaviors in preschool children","volume":"54","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.07.025","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide-induced maternal immune activation modulates microglial CX3CR1 protein expression and morphological phenotype in the hippocampus and dentate gyrus, resulting in cognitive inflexibility during late adolescence","volume":"97","author":"Lacabanne","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2279","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab331","article-title":"Maternal Glycemia During Pregnancy and Early Offspring Development: A Prospective Birth Cohort Study","volume":"106","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109050","article-title":"IDF Diabetes Atlas: Estimation of Global and Regional Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Prevalence for 2021 by International Association of Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Group\u2019s Criteria","volume":"183","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"DF Diabetes Atlas (2025). Global Diabetes Data & Insights, International Diabetes Federation. [11th ed.]. Available online: https:\/\/diabetesatlas.org\/data-by-location\/global\/."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-023-03706-4","article-title":"Maternal Hyperglycemia in Pregnancy and Offspring Internalizing and Externalizing Behaviors","volume":"27","author":"Faleschini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Matern. Child. Health J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pretorius, R.A., Avraam, D., Guxens, M., Julvez, J., Harris, J.R., Nader, J.T., Cadman, T., Elhakeem, A., Strandberg-Larsen, K., and Marroun, H.E. (2025). Is maternal diabetes during pregnancy associated with neurodevelopmental, cognitive and behavioural outcomes in children? Insights from individual participant data meta-analysis in ten birth cohorts. BMC Pediatr., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-024-05365-y"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-025-04191-x","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus and children\u2019s social-emotional development, behavioral problems, and psychological adjustment","volume":"99","author":"Mattila","year":"2026","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-025-06005-y","article-title":"Dietary glycemic index and load during pregnancy and offspring behavioral outcomes: Exploring sex differences","volume":"184","author":"Canals","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.12909","article-title":"Ethnic differences in prevalence, risk factors, and perinatal outcomes of gestational diabetes mellitus: A comparison between immigrant ethnic Chinese women and Australian-born Caucasian women in Australia","volume":"11","author":"Wan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0707943","article-title":"Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes","volume":"358","author":"Metzger","year":"2008","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108048","article-title":"Abnormal fasting, post-load or combined glucose values on oral glucose tolerance test and pregnancy outcomes in women with gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"161","author":"Papachatzopoulou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"899","article-title":"Analysis of the effects of gestational diabetes mellitus based on abnormal blood glucose on pregnancy outcomes","volume":"48","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2023.110913","article-title":"Pregnancy outcomes in the different phenotypes of gestational diabetes mellitus based on the oral glucose tolerance test. A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"204","author":"Chatzakis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2011.06.014","article-title":"Docosahexaenoic acid attenuates macrophage-induced inflammation and improves insulin sensitivity in adipocytes-specific differential effects between LC n-3 PUFA","volume":"23","author":"Oliver","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2008.08.078","article-title":"Dietary omega 3 fatty acids and the developing brain","volume":"1237","author":"Innis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2018.1526916","article-title":"The impact of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on glycemic control in patients with gestational diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies","volume":"33","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhz083","article-title":"Synaptic Connectivity and Cortical Maturation Are Promoted by the \u03c9-3 Fatty Acid Docosahexaenoic Acid","volume":"30","author":"Carbone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjd.2016.09.004","article-title":"A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial Investigating the Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Vitamin E Co-Supplementation on Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Pregnancy Outcomes in Gestational Diabetes","volume":"41","author":"Jamilian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Can. J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s12013-007-0019-4","article-title":"Role of lipids and fatty acids in macrosomic offspring of diabetic pregnancy","volume":"48","author":"Khan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-0719","article-title":"International association of diabetes and pregnancy study groups recommendations on the diagnosis and classification of hyperglycemia in pregnancy","volume":"33","author":"Metzger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00280883","article-title":"Homeostasis model assessment: Insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man","volume":"28","author":"Matthews","year":"1985","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1753-2000-2-8","article-title":"The validity, reliability and normative scores of the parent, teacher and self report versions of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire in China","volume":"2","author":"Du","year":"2008","journal-title":"Child. Adolesc. Psychiatry Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2010.02278.x","article-title":"Population mean scores predict child mental disorder rates: Validating SDQ prevalence estimators in Britain","volume":"52","author":"Goodman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"129","article-title":"The relationship between maternal emotional symptoms during pregnancy and emotional and behavioral problems in preschool children: A birth cohort study","volume":"50","author":"Tao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, S., Du, Z., He, Y., Zhao, F., Chen, Y., Wu, S., Hao, Y., and Cai, L. (2022). Association of Maternal Erythrocyte PUFA during Pregnancy with Offspring Allergy in the Chinese Population. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14112312"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.13938","article-title":"Association of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Perinatal Maternal Depression with Early Childhood Behavioral Problems: An Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Study","volume":"94","author":"Shuffrey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Child. Dev."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1017\/S2040174422000101","article-title":"Hyperglycemia in pregnancy and developmental outcomes in children at 18\u201360 months of age: The PANDORA Wave 1 study","volume":"13","author":"Titmuss","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Dev. Orig. Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-016-0934-2","article-title":"Effect of parental obesity and gestational diabetes on child neuropsychological and behavioral development at 4 years of age: The Rhea mother-child cohort, Crete, Greece","volume":"26","author":"Daraki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Child. Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-025-02908-1","article-title":"Sex-specific association between maternal integrative endocrine and metabolic status during pregnancy and preschoolers\u2019 emotional-behavioral development: A birth cohort study","volume":"35","author":"Zhen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. Child. Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.6.1487","article-title":"Use and abuse of HOMA modeling","volume":"27","author":"Wallace","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.4137\/BMI.S38440","article-title":"Significance of HbA1c Test in Diagnosis and Prognosis of Diabetic Patients","volume":"11","author":"Sherwani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomark. Insights"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.09.067","article-title":"Gender differences in behavioral and emotional problems among school children and adolescents in China: National survey findings from a comparative network perspective","volume":"369","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2006.09.004","article-title":"Estrogen and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in hippocampus: Complexity of steroid hormone-growth factor interactions in the adult CNS","volume":"27","author":"Scharfman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Front. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stern, C., Schwarz, S., Moser, G., Cvitic, S., Jantscher-Krenn, E., Gauster, M., and Hiden, U. (2021). Placental Endocrine Activity: Adaptation and Disruption of Maternal Glucose Metabolism in Pregnancy and the Influence of Fetal Sex. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222312722"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-017-0859-9","article-title":"Exposure to gestational diabetes mellitus induces neuroinflammation, derangement of hippocampal neurons, and cognitive changes in rat offspring","volume":"14","author":"Vuong","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-019-00658-8","article-title":"Severe Uncontrolled Maternal Hyperglycemia Induces Microsomia and Neurodevelopment Delay Accompanied by Apoptosis, Cellular Survival, and Neuroinflammatory Deregulation in Rat Offspring Hippocampus","volume":"39","author":"Piazza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodolaki, K., Pergialiotis, V., Iakovidou, N., Boutsikou, T., Iliodromiti, Z., and Kanaka-Gantenbein, C. (2023). The impact of maternal diabetes on the future health and neurodevelopment of the offspring: A review of the evidence. Front. Endocrinol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1125628"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2502","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-0733","article-title":"Maternal Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 Diabetes, and Type 2 Diabetes During Pregnancy and Risk of ADHD in Offspring","volume":"41","author":"Xiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.06.063","article-title":"Chronic maternal hyperglycemia induced during mid-pregnancy in rats increases RAGE expression, augments hippocampal excitability, and alters behavior of the offspring","volume":"303","author":"Chandna","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01565-7","article-title":"Intrauterine hyperglycemia impairs memory across two generations","volume":"11","author":"Zou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4799","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12793-3","article-title":"Maternal insulin resistance multigenerationally impairs synaptic plasticity and memory via gametic mechanisms","volume":"10","author":"Fusco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01812-3","article-title":"Insulin modulates emotional behavior through a serotonin-dependent mechanism","volume":"29","author":"Martin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3463","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1500877112","article-title":"Insulin resistance in brain alters dopamine turnover and causes behavioral disorders","volume":"112","author":"Kleinridders","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-023-00710-0","article-title":"Association between maternal gestational diabetes and allergic diseases in offspring: A birth cohort study","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2014.204","article-title":"Maternal LC-PUFA status during pregnancy and child problem behavior: The Generation R Study","volume":"77","author":"Tiemeier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2012.04374.x","article-title":"Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory processes: Nutrition or pharmacology?","volume":"75","author":"Calder","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665120007077","article-title":"n-3 PUFA and inflammation: From membrane to nucleus and from bench to bedside","volume":"79","author":"Calder","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.3390\/nu2030355","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acids and inflammatory processes","volume":"2","author":"Calder","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e363","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.363","article-title":"Arachidonic acid metabolism in health and disease","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3859","article-title":"Eicosanoid storm in infection and inflammation","volume":"15","author":"Dennis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E664","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00320.2001","article-title":"N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids prevent the defect of insulin receptor signaling in muscle","volume":"282","author":"Taouis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/86.1.74","article-title":"Comparison between plasma and erythrocyte fatty acid content as biomarkers of fatty acid intake in US women","volume":"86","author":"Sun","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Z., Guo, P., Wang, Y., Li, Z., Yin, X., Chen, M., Liu, Y., Hu, Y., and Chen, B. (2022). Docosahexaenoic Acid as the Bidirectional Biomarker of Dietary and Metabolic Risk Patterns in Chinese Children: A Comparison with Plasma and Erythrocyte. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14153095"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/12\/1840\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T00:56:27Z","timestamp":1781139387000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/12\/1840"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["nu18121840"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu18121840","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]]}}}