{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T00:17:32Z","timestamp":1793751452104,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Aim: Berberine, an isoquinoline alkaloid widely used in traditional medicine, has attracted considerable interest for its capacity to modulate the gut microbiota and improve cardiometabolic outcomes. Although preclinical evidence is promising, no systematic review has previously synthesised evidence from randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in humans. This review aimed to evaluate the effects of berberine supplementation on gut microbiota and to explore associated cardiometabolic, inflammatory, and immunological changes. Methods: Prospectively registered in PROSPERO (CRD42024524143) and conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines, this review searched PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase from inception to 10 January 2026. Eligible studies were RCTs in adults reporting gut microbiota outcomes following berberine supplementation. Methodological quality was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. Microbiota assessment methods, including sequencing platforms and bioinformatic pipelines, were systematically characterised across the included studies. Results: Seven RCTs enrolling 34 to 446 participants per intervention arm were included across diverse clinical populations\u2014type two diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hyperlipidaemia, colorectal adenoma, psychiatric disorders, and Parkinson\u2019s disease. Six of seven studies reported significant compositional shifts; the most extensively characterised changes\u2014observed predominantly in T2DM populations\u2014included enrichment of \u03b3-Proteobacteria and depletion of butyrate-producing taxa, with specific taxa and the breadth of compositional changes varying considerably across clinical populations and sequencing methodologies. These shifts co-occurred with improvements in fasting glucose, lipid profiles, and inflammatory markers; however, causal inference cannot be established. Conclusions: Berberine consistently modulated gut microbial composition across heterogeneous clinical populations, with concurrent cardiometabolic and anti-inflammatory improvements. Compositional shifts were not uniformly favourable, and findings should be interpreted as hypothesis-generating. Geographically diverse, mechanistically focused RCTs are required to establish causality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18121858","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T00:58:12Z","timestamp":1781053092000},"page":"1858","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Integrative Role of Berberine in Gut Microbiota Modulation and Cardiometabolic Outcomes: A Systematic Review of Randomised Clinical Trials"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8385-0921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adelin-Rare\u0219","family":"Candrea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Gheorghe Marinescu Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura Ioana","family":"Gavrila\u0219","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Department, Faculty of Nursing and Health Sciences, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Gheorghe Marinescu Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Development, Innovation and Research, Romanian Dietitians Association, 17A, Janos Zsigmond Street, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oleg","family":"Frumuzachi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Gheorghe Marinescu Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrei","family":"Mocan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Gheorghe Marinescu Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihai","family":"Babot\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, \u201cGeorge Emil Palade\u201d University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of T\u00e2rgu Mure\u0219, 38 Gheorghe Marinescu Street, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cGeorge Emil Palade\u201d University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of T\u00e2rgu Mure\u0219, 38 Gheorghe Marinescu Street, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianina","family":"Cri\u0219an","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Gheorghe Marinescu Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, B., Jin, Z., Zhai, T., Ding, Q., Yang, H., Wang, J., Zhang, L., and Zhao, L. (2022). Global Research Trends on the Links between the Gut Microbiota and Diabetes between 2001 and 2021: A Bibliometrics and Visualized Study. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1011050"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-022-03293-y","article-title":"Global Research Trends on the Links between the Gut Microbiome and Cancer: A Visualization Analysis","volume":"20","author":"Zyoud","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000750","article-title":"Current Understanding of Dysbiosis in Disease in Human and Animal Models","volume":"22","author":"DeGruttola","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferenc, K., Sokal-Dembowska, A., Helma, K., Motyka, E., Jarmakiewicz-Czaja, S., and Filip, R. (2024). Modulation of the Gut Microbiota by Nutrition and Its Relationship to Epigenetics. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25021228"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.2209.09050","article-title":"Personalized Diets Based on the Gut Microbiome as a Target for Health Maintenance: From Current Evidence to Future Possibilities","volume":"32","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12918","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-49452-y","article-title":"Defining Dysbiosis for a Cluster of Chronic Diseases","volume":"9","author":"Wilkins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1784","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01973-8","article-title":"Meta-Analysis of Gut Microbiome Studies Identifies Disease-Specific and Shared Responses","volume":"8","author":"Duvallet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merra, G., Noce, A., Marrone, G., Cintoni, M., Tarsitano, M.G., Capacci, A., and De Lorenzo, A. (2020). Influence of Mediterranean Diet on Human Gut Microbiota. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010007"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davani-Davari, D., Negahdaripour, M., Karimzadeh, I., Seifan, M., Mohkam, M., Masoumi, S.J., Berenjian, A., and Ghasemi, Y. (2019). Prebiotics: Definition, Types, Sources, Mechanisms, and Clinical Applications. Foods, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods8030092"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, M., Li, A., Yang, Q., Li, J., Wang, L., Liu, X., Huang, Y., and Liu, L. (2021). Beneficial Effect of Alkaloids From Sophora alopecuroides L. on CUMS-Induced Depression Model Mice via Modulating Gut Microbiota. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.665159"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sikorska-Zimny, K., and Beneduce, L. (2021). The Metabolism of Glucosinolates by Gut Microbiota. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082750"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2015.06.050","article-title":"Dietary Saponins from Four Popular Herbal Tea Exert Prebiotic-like Effects on Gut Microbiota in C57BL\/6 Mice","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-024-00981-6","article-title":"Classifying Compounds as Prebiotics\u2014Scientific Perspectives and Recommendations","volume":"22","author":"Hutkins","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Daza, M.C., Pulido-Mateos, E.C., Lupien-Meilleur, J., Guyonnet, D., Desjardins, Y., and Roy, D. (2021). Polyphenol-Mediated Gut Microbiota Modulation: Toward Prebiotics and Further. Front. Nutr., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.689456"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neag, M.A., Mocan, A., Echeverr\u00eda, J., Pop, R.M., Bocsan, C.I., Cri\u015fan, G., and Buzoianu, A.D. (2018). Berberine: Botanical Occurrence, Traditional Uses, Extraction Methods, and Relevance in Cardiovascular, Metabolic, Hepatic, and Renal Disorders. Front. Pharmacol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00557"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Och, A., Och, M., Nowak, R., Podg\u00f3rska, D., and Podg\u00f3rski, R. (2022). Berberine, a Herbal Metabolite in the Metabolic Syndrome: The Risk Factors, Course, and Consequences of the Disease. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27041351"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2021.10.003","article-title":"Interactions between Gut Microbiota and Berberine, a Necessary Procedure to Understand the Mechanisms of Berberine","volume":"12","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Anal."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, F., Gao, R., Luo, X., Liu, R., and Xiong, D. (2023). Berberine Influences Multiple Diseases by Modifying Gut Microbiota. Front. Nutr., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1187718"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, X., Wu, H., Wang, X., Lian, F., Li, M., Miao, R., Wei, J., and Tian, J. (2022). Modulation of Gut Microbiota and Metabolites by Berberine in Treating Mice With Disturbances in Glucose and Lipid Metabolism. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.870407"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Wu, X., Yang, R., Chen, F., Liao, Y., Zhu, Z., Wu, Z., Sun, X., and Wang, L. (2021). Effects of Berberine on the Gastrointestinal Microbiota. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.588517"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dehau, T., Cherlet, M., Croubels, S., Van De Vliet, M., Goossens, E., and Van Immerseel, F. (2023). Berberine-Microbiota Interplay: Orchestrating Gut Health through Modulation of the Gut Microbiota and Metabolic Transformation into Bioactive Metabolites. Front. Pharmacol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1281090"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12155","DOI":"10.1038\/srep12155","article-title":"Transforming Berberine into Its Intestine-Absorbable Form by the Gut Microbiota","volume":"5","author":"Feng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2074610","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/2074610","article-title":"The Effect of Berberine on Metabolic Profiles in Type 2 Diabetic Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"2021","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prmcm.2025.100689","article-title":"Targeting AMPK Signaling: The Therapeutic Potential of Berberine in Diabetes and Its Complications","volume":"17","author":"Mbara","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res.-Mod. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"112","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety Profile of Berberine Treatment in Improving Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized, Double-Blind Trials","volume":"3","author":"Lei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiol. Discov."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5541","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7998","article-title":"Effects of Berberine and Barberry on Selected Inflammatory Biomarkers in Adults: A Systematic Review and Dose\u2013Response Meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials","volume":"37","author":"Shahinfar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., Zhang, H., Gao, Z., Zhang, Q., and Gu, C. (2022). The Mechanism of Berberine Alleviating Metabolic Disorder Based on Gut Microbiome. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.854885"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 Statement: An Updated Guideline for Reporting Systematic Reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"d5928","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d5928","article-title":"The Cochrane Collaboration\u2019s Tool for Assessing Risk of Bias in Randomised Trials","volume":"343","author":"Higgins","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110669","article-title":"Berberine Alleviates Type 2 Diabetic Symptoms by Altering Gut Microbiota and Reducing Aromatic Amino Acids","volume":"131","author":"Yao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, Z., Cen, C., Ou, Q., Pan, Y., Zhang, J., Huo, D., and Chen, K. (2022). The Potential Prebiotic Berberine Combined With Methimazole Improved the Therapeutic Effect of Graves\u2019 Disease Patients Through Regulating the Intestinal Microbiome. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.826067"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2722","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000002752","article-title":"Berberine Might Block Colorectal Carcinogenesis by Inhibiting the Regulation of B-Cell Function by Veillonella parvula","volume":"136","author":"Qian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J. (Engl.)"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X21500920","article-title":"Effects of Berberine on Gut Microbiota in Patients with Mild Metabolic Disorders Induced by Olanzapine","volume":"49","author":"Pu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003176","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.2003176","article-title":"Combined Berberine and Probiotic Treatment as an Effective Regimen for Improving Postprandial Hyperlipidemia in Type 2 Diabetes Patients: A Double Blinded Placebo Controlled Randomized Study","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5015","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18414-8","article-title":"Gut Microbiome-Related Effects of Berberine and Probiotics on Type 2 Diabetes (the PREMOTE Study)","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-021-00942-7","article-title":"Effectiveness and Safety of Bifidobacterium and Berberine in Human Hyperglycemia and Their Regulatory Effect on the Gut Microbiota: A Multi-Center, Double-Blind, Randomized, Parallel-Controlled Study","volume":"13","author":"Ming","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genome Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2021.07.011","article-title":"Gut Microbiota Specifically Mediates the Anti-Hypercholesterolemic Effect of Berberine (BBR) and Facilitates to Predict BBR\u2019s Cholesterol-Decreasing Efficacy in Patients","volume":"37","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8381870","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/8381870","article-title":"Effect of Berberine Hydrochloride on the Diversity of Intestinal Flora in Parkinson\u2019s Disease Patients","volume":"2022","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Contrast Media Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01406-7","article-title":"Role of the Gut Microbiota in Anticancer Therapy: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Applications","volume":"8","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-0433-9","article-title":"Gut Microbiota in Human Metabolic Health and Disease","volume":"19","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, M., Liu, X., Ye, Y., Yan, X., Cheng, Y., Zhao, L., Chen, F., and Ling, Z. (2022). Gut Microbiota: A Novel Therapeutic Target for Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.937555"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2015.39.3.198","article-title":"Gut Microbiota and Metabolic Disorders","volume":"39","author":"Hur","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scully, T., Ettela, A., LeRoith, D., and Gallagher, E.J. (2021). Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes, and Cancer Risk. Front. Oncol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.615375"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Xu, J., and Chen, Y. (2021). Regulation of Neurotransmitters by the Gut Microbiota and Effects on Cognition in Neurological Disorders. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13062099"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-023-00748-6","article-title":"Veillonella parvula Promotes the Proliferation of Lung Adenocarcinoma through the Nucleotide Oligomerization Domain 2\/Cellular Communication Network Factor 4\/Nuclear Factor Kappa B Pathway","volume":"14","author":"Zeng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Discov. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-022-01015-3","article-title":"Overabundance of Veillonella parvula Promotes Intestinal Inflammation by Activating Macrophages via LPS-TLR4 Pathway","volume":"8","author":"Zhan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, J., Long, Y., Ni, L., Yuan, X., Yu, N., Wu, R., Tao, J., and Zhang, Y. (2019). Anticancer Effect of Berberine Based on Experimental Animal Models of Various Cancers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. BMC Cancer, 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-019-5791-1"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2008.07.040","article-title":"Protective Effects of Berberine on Radiation-Induced Lung Injury via Intercellular Adhesion Molecular-1 and Transforming Growth Factor-Beta-1 in Patients with Lung Cancer","volume":"44","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(19)30409-1","article-title":"Berberine versus Placebo for the Prevention of Recurrence of Colorectal Adenoma: A Multicentre, Double-Blinded, Randomised Controlled Study","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Zhao, Y., Zhang, M., Pang, X., Xu, J., Kang, C., Li, M., Zhang, C., Zhang, Z., and Zhang, Y. (2012). Structural Changes of Gut Microbiota during Berberine-Mediated Prevention of Obesity and Insulin Resistance in High-Fat Diet-Fed Rats. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0042529"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01239-22","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.01239-22","article-title":"A High Dose of Dietary Berberine Improves Gut Wall Morphology, Despite an Expansion of Enterobacteriaceae and a Reduction in Beneficial Microbiota in Broiler Chickens","volume":"8","author":"Dehau","year":"2023","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-00456-5","article-title":"Oral Berberine Improves Brain Dopa\/Dopamine Levels to Ameliorate Parkinson\u2019s Disease by Regulating Gut Microbiota","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fontana, A., Panebianco, C., Picchianti-Diamanti, A., Lagan\u00e0, B., Cavalieri, D., Potenza, A., Pracella, R., Binda, E., Copetti, M., and Pazienza, V. (2019). Gut Microbiota Profiles Differ among Individuals Depending on Their Region of Origin: An Italian Pilot Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16214065"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humic.2018.01.001","article-title":"Gut Microbiota Diversity According to Dietary Habits and Geographical Provenance","volume":"7\u20138","author":"Senghor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Microb. J."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/12\/1858\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T06:19:01Z","timestamp":1781590741000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/12\/1858"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["nu18121858"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu18121858","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]}}}