{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:27:11Z","timestamp":1785403631279,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32225046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32225046"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32421005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32421005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["32225046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32225046"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["32421005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32421005"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020YFA0509500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFA0509500"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Agricultural Science and Technology Major Project"},{"name":"Sichuan Science and Technology Program","award":["2024NSFSC0300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024NSFSC0300"]}]},{"name":"National Undergraduate Training Program on Innovation and Entrepreneurship","award":["202610626002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202610626002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Spermidine is involved in a wide range of cellular processes, including mammalian oocyte development. Wheat germ is a natural source of polyamines and contains high concentrations of spermidine. However, no studies have evaluated the effects of wheat germ-derived spermidine on the regulation of mammalian ovarian function. The present study aimed to investigate the effect and underlying mechanism of wheat germ-derived spermidine on mammalian ovarian function. Methods: A feeding trial was carried out on mice with diets supplemented with varying concentrations of spermidine. The underlying mechanism by which spermidine exerts its beneficial effects on ovarian function and fertility in mice was explored through the integration of serum metabolomics and intestinal microbiomics analyses. Results: The results showed that dietary spermidine-rich feed significantly increased spermidine absorption and affected the metabolism of spermine and putrescine in the intestines. Dietary intake of low-concentration spermidine significantly increased the number of pups per litter and the secretion levels of estradiol (E2), progesterone (P4), luteinizing hormone (LH), and anti-M\u00fcllerian hormone (AMH). Furthermore, compared with a normal diet, spermidine supplementation resulted in significantly higher ovarian reserves and fewer atretic follicles. Correspondingly, metabolomics analysis revealed that spermidine primarily affected lipid metabolism and endocrine functions related to reproduction. In addition, dietary spermidine significantly altered the structural composition of the gut microbiota. Correlation analysis demonstrated that the abundance of Oceanisphaera, Atopostipes, and Actinobacteriota was significantly positively correlated with the secretion of E2, P4, and LH. Conclusions: Overall, these findings yield phenotypic insights into spermidine\u2019s mediation of mammalian reproductive performance and offer a potential therapeutic strategy for individuals with reproductive dysfunction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18121874","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T00:48:35Z","timestamp":1781138915000},"page":"1874","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Beneficial Effects of Spermidine on Ovarian Function, Gut Microbiota Composition, and Associated Metabolic Changes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Chengweng","family":"Ji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongmei","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunxuan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jue","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxin","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0308-2588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weijie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0960-1529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8681-7684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingzhou","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2811-0642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.5114\/pm.2017.68592","article-title":"Premature ovarian failure","volume":"16","author":"Jankowska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Menopause Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp2116488","article-title":"Primary Ovarian Insufficiency","volume":"388","author":"Stuenkel","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. 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