{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T16:14:04Z","timestamp":1787760844701,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":135,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Vitamin D is a nutrient-related secosteroid system with endocrine, paracrine, immunological, and neurodevelopmental actions relevant to nutritional psychiatry. Psychiatric research has often treated vitamin D either as a cross-sectional correlate of depression or as a non-specific supplement expected to act across heterogeneous diagnostic categories. This narrative review aimed to develop a more discriminating framework in which vitamin D is considered a lifespan neuroimmune and immunometabolic signal whose psychiatric relevance depends on developmental timing, biological context, and phenotype. Methods: Evidence was integrated from developmental epidemiology, neonatal dried-blood-spot studies, randomized trials, meta-analyses, Mendelian randomization studies, clinical guidelines, and mechanistic neuroscience. The review focuses on prenatal and neonatal 25-hydroxyvitamin D, vitamin D-binding protein, free and bioavailable vitamin D, vitamin D receptor signaling, immune and microglial pathways, neurotransmitter systems, neurotrophic signaling, mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal-axis regulation, and the gut\u2013microbiota\u2013immune\u2013brain axis. Results: The available evidence does not support vitamin D as a universal treatment for psychiatric disorders. Instead, vitamin D deficiency and altered vitamin D biology appear most relevant in biologically and clinically defined risk states, including neurodevelopmental vulnerability, inflammatory depression, psychosis liability, severe mental illness with nutritional deprivation, metabolic comorbidity, and cognitive frailty. Mechanistic data support plausible links with cytokine biology, the tryptophan\u2013kynurenine pathway, dopaminergic and serotonergic systems, stress regulation, and neuroimmune homeostasis. Conclusions: Vitamin D should be conceptualized in psychiatry as a context-dependent neuroimmune and immunometabolic signal rather than a generic psychotropic intervention. Future studies should prioritize biomarker-enriched, developmentally timed, nutrition-centered models of precision prevention and adjunctive care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18121877","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T00:48:35Z","timestamp":1781138915000},"page":"1877","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Vitamin D as a Lifespan Neuroimmune Signal in Psychiatry: From Developmental Risk to Precision Nutrition"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Czeslaw","family":"Ducki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mazovian Specialist Health Centre in Pruszkow, 05-802 Pruszkow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4932-3260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Jach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological Sciences, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, 20-708 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2140-9732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michal","family":"Pruc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Science, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, 20-708 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Halla","family":"Kaminska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Children\u2019s Diabetology and Lifestyle Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8475-7112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawel","family":"Pludowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry, The Children\u2019s Memorial Health Institute, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0973-5455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lukasz","family":"Szarpak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Science, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, 20-708 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgae290","article-title":"Vitamin D for the Prevention of Disease: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline","volume":"109","author":"Demay","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. 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