{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T06:26:50Z","timestamp":1785133610264,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of University and Research","award":["PRIN2022SC_VANNUCCHI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRIN2022SC_VANNUCCHI"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of University and Research","award":["VANMBANCAITALIA23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VANMBANCAITALIA23"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of University and Research","award":["58513_CHIARA TRAINIRICATEN24"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["58513_CHIARA TRAINIRICATEN24"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background:\/ Over the past decade, increasing evidence has shifted attention from the brain to the gut microbiota (MB) as a source and site of systemic dissemination of amyloid-\u03b2 (A\u03b2), an APP derivative responsible for plaque formation in the brains of Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) patients. Furthermore, AD patients and APP\/PS1 mice, a transgenic model of AD, exhibit dysbiosis. Objectives: Using APP\/PS1 mice treated from 2 to 8 months of age, we studied ileal and colonic epithelial integrity, intestinal barrier (IB) integrity assessed through tight junction (TJ) protein expression, local immune system, the presence\/increase in A\u03b2 expression in enterocytes, and the protective effects of synbiotic treatment. Methods: The tissue was stained with Periodic Acid-Schiff and Alcian Blue to evaluate epithelial morphology and mucus production, and immunohistochemistry was performed to assess TJs, immune markers, and A\u03b2 expression. Results: Our results demonstrate that colonic and ileal epithelium of 8-month-old APP\/PS1 mice displays IB impairment in term of alterations of goblet cells staining and TJ protein expression and signs of immune involvement. The ileum was more severely affected, showing a reduced epithelial surface area, decreased lysozyme production, and fewer tuft cells. Long-term synbiotic treatment largely prevented APP\/PS1 mouse changes and caused a significant increase in A\u03b2 expression in all treated mice. Conclusions: These findings support the belief in early intestinal involvement in AD and highlight the potential of the microbiota as a target for early intervention aimed at modifying the progression to neurodegeneration. Increased epithelial A\u03b2 labeling after treatment raises the possibility of intestinal management of A\u03b2, which requires further validation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18121883","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T12:14:58Z","timestamp":1781180098000},"page":"1883","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Multiple Functions of Amyloid Beta in the Gut Epithelium and the Role of the Microbiota: A Study in the APP\/PS1 Animal Model Subjected to Chronic Synbiotic Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6757-616X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgia","family":"Sarti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Histology and Embryology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1506-817X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgio","family":"Tognozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Histology and Embryology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2736-9150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giada","family":"Magni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Physics \u201cNello Carrara\u201d, CNR, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5193-0019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Lana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1199-8019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Physics \u201cNello Carrara\u201d, CNR, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4606-2106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Traini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Histology and Embryology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1060-5025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Giuliana","family":"Vannucchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Histology and Embryology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hillen, H. 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