{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T10:18:46Z","timestamp":1785406726412,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Federal Government of Mexico","award":["HIM\/2021\/023 SSA.1748"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HIM\/2021\/023 SSA.1748"]}]},{"name":"Federal Government of Mexico","award":["HIM\/2022\/044 SSA.1809"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HIM\/2022\/044 SSA.1809"]}]},{"name":"Federal Government of Mexico","award":["HIM\/2023\/015 SSA.1857"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HIM\/2023\/015 SSA.1857"]}]},{"name":"Federal Government of Mexico","award":["HIM\/2024\/045 SSA.1943"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HIM\/2024\/045 SSA.1943"]}]},{"award":["HIM\/2021\/023 SSA.1748"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HIM\/2021\/023 SSA.1748"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05tte3254","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["HIM\/2022\/044 SSA.1809"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HIM\/2022\/044 SSA.1809"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05tte3254","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["HIM\/2023\/015 SSA.1857"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HIM\/2023\/015 SSA.1857"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05tte3254","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["HIM\/2024\/045 SSA.1943"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HIM\/2024\/045 SSA.1943"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05tte3254","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Pubertal maturation encompasses hormonal, somatic, and metabolic alterations that may influence pulmonary function in children with asthma. We evaluated the correlates of pulmonary function in pediatric asthma using sex-stratified analyses of pubertal stage, BMI z-score, asthma control (ACQ-6), and HDL cholesterol levels on FEV1, FVC, and the FEV1\/FVC ratio (% predicted, NHANES III). Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 118 children and adolescents with asthma (74 males and 44 females). The Tanner stages were categorized as pre-\/early (I\u2013II), mid (III), and late (IV). No participant had reached Tanner stage V at recruitment, and the reference category was composed predominantly of Tanner II participants; therefore, the pubertal contrast reflected early- versus mid-\/late-pubertal physiology rather than a strictly prepubertal-versus-pubertal comparison. We performed hierarchical linear regression with bias-corrected and accelerated bootstrap inference (5000 replicates) for each sex and for all participants combined, complemented by a formal sex \u00d7 predictor interaction test. Results: Mid- and late puberty were independently associated with reduced FEV1% and FVC% (\u03b2 \u22120.25 to \u22120.31), without affecting the FEV1\/FVC ratio. Sex-stratified analyses were exploratory and identified apparently divergent predictor sets by sex: in males, the pubertal stage was significant in FEV1% and FVC% (\u03b2 \u22120.30 to \u22120.42), whereas the BMI z-score diminished the FEV1\/FVC ratio (\u03b2 = \u22120.274). In females, FEV1% was associated with HDL-c (\u03b2 = 0.463), BMI z-score (\u03b2 = 0.429), and ACQ-6 score (\u03b2 = \u22120.306); the female FEV1\/FVC% model showed a substantial apparent effect (Cohen\u2019s f2 = 0.508), with ACQ-6 score and HDL-c as primary associated variables. The formal sex \u00d7 predictor interaction test in the combined sample, however, did not reach statistical significance (\u0394R2 = 0.037; p = 0.178), indicating that the sex-differential patterns observed in the stratified models were not confirmed as effect modifications. Conclusions: Sex-stratified exploratory analyses in this pediatric asthma cohort identified apparently divergent patterns of associations in males and females; however, the formal interaction test was not statistically significant, indicating that these stratified differences were not confirmed and require validation in adequately powered prospective cohorts. These findings identify HDL-c, body composition, and symptom control as candidate correlates of pulmonary function, with potential sex-related differences warranting further investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18121885","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T01:52:08Z","timestamp":1781229128000},"page":"1885","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sex-Stratified Correlates of Pulmonary Function in Mexican Children and Adolescents (6\u201317 Years) with Asthma: An Exploratory Analysis of HDL Cholesterol, BMI, and Pubertal Stage"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1701-7517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nayely","family":"Reyes-Noriega","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n en Alergia e Inmunolog\u00eda, Hospital Infantil de M\u00e9xico Federico G\u00f3mez, Dr M\u00e1rquez 162, Cuauht\u00e9moc, Mexico City 06720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7178-1786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 J.","family":"Leija-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad \u201cDr. Ignacio Morones Prieto\u201d, IMSS-Bienestar, Av. Venustiano Carranza No. 2395, San Luis Potos\u00ed 78290, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6556-1632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fausto","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Fisiolog\u00eda, Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog\u00eda Ignacio Ch\u00e1vez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6569-2851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adri\u00e1n","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-D\u00edazcouder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica en Bioqu\u00edmica, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro M\u00e9dico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia Tavera","family":"Alonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Central, Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog\u00eda Ignacio Ch\u00e1vez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8660-7393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Santiago","family":"Villafa\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Terapia G\u00e9nica Experimental, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dar\u00edo Jorge Mario Molina","family":"D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Endocrinolog\u00eda, Hospital Infantil de M\u00e9xico Federico G\u00f3mez, Dr M\u00e1rquez 162, Cuauht\u00e9moc, Mexico City 06720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6441-8869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Blanca E.","family":"Del-R\u00edo-Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n en Alergia e Inmunolog\u00eda, Hospital Infantil de M\u00e9xico Federico G\u00f3mez, Dr M\u00e1rquez 162, Cuauht\u00e9moc, Mexico City 06720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6503-694X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fengyang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n en Obesidad y Asma, Hospital Infantil de M\u00e9xico Federico G\u00f3mez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2023). 2023 GINA Main Report, Global Initiative for Asthma\u2014GINA."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01450-1","article-title":"Worldwide Trends in the Burden of Asthma Symptoms in School-Aged Children: Global Asthma Network Phase I Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"398","author":"Asher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trivedi, M., and Denton, E. 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