{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T04:32:09Z","timestamp":1790915529581,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"SlimBiotics GmbH","award":["M2301856"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M2301856"]}]},{"name":"SlimBiotics GmbH","award":["433891-00000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["433891-00000"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Multi-strain Limosilactobacillus fermentum supplementation has been reported to promote weight loss outcomes in free-living conditions, but limited evidence exists on these probiotic strains added to an energy-restricted diet and walking program in overweight adults. Methods: In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-arm randomized trial, overweight adults (35.2 \u00b1 13.2 years old, 167.6 \u00b1 8.6 cm, 79.9 \u00b1 11.8 kg, 28.4 \u00b1 2.7 kg\/m2 body mass index, 36.1 \u00b1 6.6% body fat) completed a 12-week weight loss program that included a 500 kcal\/day energy deficit and walking 10 k steps\/d. Participants ingested one daily capsule containing a three-strain probiotic blend (L. fermentum K7-Lb1, L. fermentum K8-Lb1, L. fermentum K11-Lb3; 6 billion CFU\/day) (PRO) or maltodextrin placebo (PLA). Assessments were performed at baseline, week 6, and week 12 and included body composition, resting energy expenditure, substrate utilization, peak oxygen uptake, dietary intake, step counts, blood biomarkers, quality of life, and side effects. Data were analyzed using multivariate and univariate repeated-measures general linear models (GLM), with mean changes from baseline presented alongside 95% confidence intervals. Results: All participants significantly reduced body weight, fat mass, body fat percentage, and waist circumference. At 12 weeks, PRO reduced fat mass more than PL (\u22122680.7 \u00b1 1276.7 g; p = 0.039). In PRO, android and gynoid fat percentage decreased at 6 weeks (p &lt; 0.001; p = 0.008) and 12 weeks (p = 0.004; p &lt; 0.001), respectively. Visceral adipose tissue mass, volume, and area were lower at 6 weeks and trended lower at 12 weeks. In PRO, bone mineral content and bone mineral area decreased at 12 weeks, while bone mineral density paradoxically increased (0.007 \u00b1 0.003 g\/cm2; p = 0.024). Conclusions: During a 12-week weight loss program, supplementation of a multi-strain L. fermentum probiotic significantly reduced body fat and central adiposity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18121908","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T03:01:27Z","timestamp":1781492487000},"page":"1908","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of a Plant-Based Multi-Strain Limosilactobacillus fermentum Probiotic on Weight Loss Outcomes in Overweight and Obese Adults: A Preliminary Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Sarah","family":"Johnson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Broderick L.","family":"Dickerson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"},{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, School of Natural Sciences, St. Edward\u2019s University, Austin, TX 78704, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jisun","family":"Chun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivia","family":"Haskell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Chavez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leah","family":"Kirkegaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly Elizabeth","family":"Hines","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"},{"name":"Emergency Responder Human Performance Laboratory, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1112-336X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Choongsung","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joungbo","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"},{"name":"Department of Heart, Blood, and Kidney Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dante","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"},{"name":"Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI 56401, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2591-5453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Purpura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Increnovo LLC, Whitefish Bay, WI 53217, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7345-9635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ralf","family":"J\u00e4ger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Increnovo LLC, Whitefish Bay, WI 53217, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3885-4100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan J.","family":"Sowinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7279-4968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Drew E.","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"},{"name":"Occupational, Performance, and Nutrition Lab, Department of Kinesiology, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77340, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Rasmussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3906-1658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard B.","family":"Kreider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Ajumaah, M., Azizan, K.A., Ismail, A., and Hamezah, H.S. (2022). Probiotic supplementation and cognitive function in elderly: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients, 14."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Emmerich, S.D., Fryar, C.D., Stierman, B., and Ogden, C.L. (2026, June 09). Obesity and Severe Obesity Prevalence in Adults: United States, August 2021\u2013August 2023, Available online: https:\/\/stacks.cdc.gov\/view\/cdc\/159281."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12113","article-title":"The effect of weight loss on health-related quality of life: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials","volume":"15","author":"Warkentin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2016.07.012","article-title":"Obesity epidemiology worldwide","volume":"45","author":"Arroyo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.03.026","article-title":"Diet, gut microbiota composition and feeding behavior","volume":"192","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pasquaretta, C., G\u00f3mez-Moracho, T., Heeb, P., and Lihoreau, M. (2018). Exploring interactions between the gut microbiota and social behavior through nutrition. Genes, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes9110534"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beam, A., Clinger, E., and Hao, L. (2021). Effect of diet and dietary components on the composition of the gut microbiota. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082795"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laue, C., Papazova, E., Pannenbeckers, A., and Schrezenmeir, J. (2023). Effect of a Probiotic and a Synbiotic on Body Fat Mass, Body Weight and Traits of Metabolic Syndrome in Individuals with Abdominal Overweight: A Human, Double-Blind, Randomised, Controlled Clinical Study. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15133039"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1208344","article-title":"Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes","volume":"334","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12480","article-title":"Dietary intervention impact on gut microbial gene richness","volume":"500","author":"Cotillard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad3503","article-title":"Population-level analysis of gut microbiome variation","volume":"352","author":"Falony","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.01.288","article-title":"The impact of human activities and lifestyles on the interlinked microbiota and health of humans and of ecosystems","volume":"627","author":"Flandroy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2019.03.034","article-title":"Weight loss probiotic supplementation effect in overweight and obesity subjects: A review","volume":"39","author":"Marques","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2015.05.008","article-title":"Probiotics for weight loss: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-020-00983-8","article-title":"Does probiotic supplementation aid weight loss? A randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled study with Bifidobacterium lactis BS01 and Lactobacillus acidophilus LA02 supplementation","volume":"26","author":"Czajeczny","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eat. Weight Disord.-Stud. Anorex. Bulim. Obes."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e402","DOI":"10.1002\/edm2.402","article-title":"A clinical trial about effects of prebiotic and probiotic supplementation on weight loss, psychological profile and metabolic parameters in obese subjects","volume":"6","author":"Mahjoub","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00c1lvarez-Arra\u00f1o, V., and Mart\u00edn-Pel\u00e1ez, S. (2021). Effects of probiotics and synbiotics on weight loss in subjects with overweight or obesity: A systematic review. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103627"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1177\/1559827619843833","article-title":"Interactive effect of probiotics supplementation and weight loss diet on metabolic syndrome features in patients with coronary artery diseases: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial","volume":"15","author":"Moludi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Lifestyle Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruan, Y., Sun, J., He, J., Chen, F., Chen, R., and Chen, H. (2015). Effect of probiotics on glycemic control: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132121"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shimizu, M., Hashiguchi, M., Shiga, T., Tamura, H.-o., and Mochizuki, M. (2015). Meta-analysis: Effects of probiotic supplementation on lipid profiles in normal to mildly hypercholesterolemic individuals. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0139795"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1039\/C8FO02163E","article-title":"Effects of probiotic supplementation on the regulation of blood lipid levels in overweight or obese subjects: A meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Yan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-023-01332-8","article-title":"The role of probiotic supplementation in inflammatory biomarkers in adults: An umbrella meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials: AH Faghfouri et al","volume":"31","author":"Faghfouri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding, L.-N., Ding, W.-Y., Ning, J., Wang, Y., Yan, Y., and Wang, Z.-B. (2021). Effects of probiotic supplementation on inflammatory markers and glucose homeostasis in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front. Pharmacol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.770861"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, Y.-T., Peng, Y.-C., Yen, H.-Y., Wu, J.-C., and Hou, W.-H. (2022). Effects of probiotic supplementation on immune and inflammatory markers in athletes: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Medicina, 58.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58091188"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Moreno, A., Su\u00e1rez, A., Avanzi, C., Monteoliva-S\u00e1nchez, M., and Aguilera, M. (2020). Probiotic strains and intervention total doses for modulating obesity-related microbiota dysbiosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12071921"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, A.-C., Fang, T.-J., Ho, H.-H., Chen, J.-F., Kuo, Y.-W., Huang, Y.-Y., Tsai, S.-Y., Wu, S.-F., Lin, H.-C., and Yeh, Y.-T. (2022). A multi-strain probiotic blend reshaped obesity-related gut dysbiosis and improved lipid metabolism in obese children. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.922993"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2010.0019","article-title":"Identification and characterisation of lactobacilli isolated from Kimere, a spontaneously fermented pearl millet dough from Mbeere, Kenya (East Africa)","volume":"1","author":"Njeru","year":"2010","journal-title":"Benef. Microbes"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P3_6","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-983414","article-title":"Isolation, Characterization and Identification of Potentially Probiotic Lactobacilli from Kimere; a Spontaneously Fermented Pearl Millet Dough from Mbeere, Kenya (East Africa)","volume":"32","author":"Njeru","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aktuelle Ern\u00e4hrungsmedizin"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idairyj.2016.07.014","article-title":"Investigating probiotic yoghurt to reduce an aflatoxin B1 biomarker among school children in eastern Kenya: Preliminary study","volume":"63","author":"Nduti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Dairy J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-021-09878-1","article-title":"Limosilactobacillus fermentum strains with claimed probiotic properties exert anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and prevent cardiometabolic disorder in female rats fed a high-fat diet","volume":"15","author":"Lagranha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-021-09889-y","article-title":"Potentially probiotic Limosilactobacillus fermentum fruit-derived strains alleviate cardiometabolic disorders and gut microbiota impairment in male rats fed a high-fat diet","volume":"14","author":"Magnani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J.E., Lee, J.Y., and Kang, C.-H. (2022). Limosilactobacillus fermentum MG4295 improves hyperglycemia in high-fat diet-induced mice. Foods, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11020231"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.4097\/kja.19049","article-title":"Randomization in clinical studies","volume":"72","author":"Lim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Korean J. Anesth. Anesthesiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201100052","article-title":"Suppression subtractive hybridization identifies bacterial genomic regions that are possibly involved in hBD-2 regulation by enterocytes","volume":"55","author":"Ghadimi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2013.10.005","article-title":"Molecular identification of potential Th1\/Th2 responses-modulating bacterial genes using suppression subtractive DNA hybridization","volume":"219","author":"Ghadimi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Ozemek, C., Bonikowske, A., Christle, J., and Gallo, P. (2025). ACSM\u2019s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2011). Waist Circumference and Waist-Hip Ratio: Report of a WHO Expert Consultation, Geneva, 8\u201311 December 2008, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1111\/1747-0080.12401","article-title":"The relative validity of a food record using the smartphone application MyFitnessPal","volume":"75","author":"Teixeira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06420.x","article-title":"Assessing body composition and changes in body composition. Another look at dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry","volume":"904","author":"Lohman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03540030060033","article-title":"Changes in bone mineral content in male athletes. Mechanisms of action and intervention effects","volume":"276","author":"Klesges","year":"1996","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"S369","article-title":"Comparison of the reliability of repeated whole body DEXA scans to repeated spine and hip scans","volume":"14","author":"Almada","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2010). WHO Guidelines on Drawing Blood: Best Practices in Phlebotomy, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S154","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(97)00754-2","article-title":"Indirect calorimetry: Technical aspects","volume":"97","author":"Matarese","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0261-5614(84)80019-9","article-title":"Measured and predicted resting energy expenditure in clinically stable patients","volume":"3","author":"Feurer","year":"1984","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"23","article-title":"Table of nonprotein respiratory quotient: An update","volume":"16","author":"Peronnet","year":"1991","journal-title":"Can. J. Sport. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.4103\/ijem.IJEM_484_16","article-title":"Indirect Calorimetry: From Bench to Bedside","volume":"21","author":"Gupta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian. J. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.70252\/ATMF6543","article-title":"The Validity of Resting Metabolic Rate-Prediction Equations and Reliability of Measured RMR in Female Athletes","volume":"12","author":"Mackay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Exerc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Liguori, G., and American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) (2020). ACSM\u2019s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1023\/B:QURE.0000015290.76254.a5","article-title":"Performance of the Swedish SF-36 version 2.0","volume":"13","author":"Taft","year":"2004","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aott.2016.08.013","article-title":"Short Form Health Survey version-2.0 Turkish (SF-36v2) is an efficient outcome parameter in musculoskeletal research","volume":"50","author":"Celik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Orthop. Traumatol. Turc."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dickerson, B., Maury, J., Jenkins, V., Nottingham, K., Xing, D., Gonzalez, D.E., Leonard, M., Kendra, J., Ko, J., and Yoo, C. (2024). Effects of Supplementation with Microalgae Extract from Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Mi136) to Support Benefits from a Weight Management Intervention in Overweight Women. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16070990"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-019-0301-z","article-title":"Comparison of ingesting a food bar containing whey protein and isomalto-oligosaccharides to carbohydrate on performance and recovery from an acute bout of resistance-exercise and sprint conditioning: An open label, randomized, counterbalanced, crossover pilot study","volume":"16","author":"Grubic","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sowinski, R., Gonzalez, D., Xing, D., Yoo, C., Jenkins, V., Nottingham, K., Dickerson, B., Humphries, M., Leonard, M., and Ko, J. (2021). Effects of Inositol-Enhanced Bonded Arginine Silicate Ingestion on Cognitive and Executive Function in Gamers. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13113758"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoo, C., Xing, D., Gonzalez, D., Jenkins, V., Nottingham, K., Dickerson, B., Leonard, M., Ko, J., Faries, M., and Kephart, W. (2021). Acute Paraxanthine Ingestion Improves Cognition and Short-Term Memory and Helps Sustain Attention in a Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Trial. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13113980"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2352779","DOI":"10.1080\/15502783.2024.2352779","article-title":"Paraxanthine provides greater improvement in cognitive function than caffeine after performing a 10-km run","volume":"21","author":"Yoo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Galbreath, M. (2008). Effects of a High Protein Diet on Weight Loss, Markers of Health, and Functional Capacity in Senior-Aged Females Participating in the Curves\u00ae Fitness Program, Baylor University."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S81","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200405001-00383","article-title":"Effects of the Curves\u00ae Fitness & Weight Loss Program on Weight Loss and Resting Energy Expenditure","volume":"36","author":"Kreider","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sport Exerc."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinez, V., McAngus, K., Dickerson, B.L., Leonard, M., Chavez, E., Chun, J., Lewis, M., Xing, D., Gonzalez, D.E., and Yoo, C. (2025). Effects of 12 Weeks of Chromium, Phyllanthus emblica Fruit Extract, and Shilajit Supplementation on Markers of Cardiometabolic Health, Fitness, and Weight Loss in Men and Women with Risk Factors to Metabolic Syndrome Initiating an Exercise and Diet Intervention: A Randomized Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17122042"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-016-0159-2","article-title":"Effects of acute ingestion of a pre-workout dietary supplement with and without p-synephrine on resting energy expenditure, cognitive function and exercise performance","volume":"14","author":"Jung","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.4097\/kjae.2013.64.5.402","article-title":"The prevention and handling of the missing data","volume":"64","author":"Kang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Korean J. Anesthesiol."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"10","article-title":"Missing data imputation for ordinal data","volume":"181","author":"Quintero","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(03)00170-7","article-title":"Imputation of missing longitudinal data: A comparison of methods","volume":"56","author":"Engels","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1080\/j.1440-1614.2005.01629.x","article-title":"Imputing missing repeated measures data: How should we proceed?","volume":"39","author":"Elliott","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morris, T.P., White, I.R., and Royston, P. (2014). Tuning multiple imputation by predictive mean matching and local residual draws. BMC Med. Res. Methodol., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-14-75"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.316.7139.1236","article-title":"What\u2019s wrong with Bonferroni adjustments","volume":"316","author":"Perneger","year":"1998","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199001000-00010","article-title":"No adjustments are needed for multiple comparisons","volume":"1","author":"Rothman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"726","article-title":"Beyond statistical significance: Clinical interpretation of rehabilitation research literature","volume":"9","author":"Page","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.2174\/1875399X00801010003","article-title":"Applications of confidence limits and effect sizes in sport research","volume":"1","author":"Drinkwater","year":"2008","journal-title":"Open Sports Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"djw194","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djw194","article-title":"\u201cP < 0.05\u201d might not mean what you think: American Statistical Association clarifies P values","volume":"108","author":"Grabowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"JNCI J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31818cb278","article-title":"Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science","volume":"41","author":"Hopkins","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2016-0456","article-title":"Efficacy of a randomized trial examining commercial weight loss programs and exercise on metabolic syndrome in overweight and obese women","volume":"42","author":"Baetge","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-6-23","article-title":"Effects of a popular exercise and weight loss program on weight loss, body composition, energy expenditure and health in obese women","volume":"6","author":"Kerksick","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ko, J., Yoo, C., Xing, D., Chun, J., Gonzalez, D.E., Dickerson, B.L., Leonard, M., Jenkins, V., van der Merwe, M., and Slupsky, C.M. (2024). Effects of Human Milk Oligosaccharide 2\u2032-Fucosyllactose Ingestion on Weight Loss and Markers of Health. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16193387"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1002\/osp4.305","article-title":"Alignment of diet prescription to genotype does not promote greater weight loss success in women with obesity participating in an exercise and weight loss program","volume":"4","author":"Coletta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obes. Sci. Pract."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galbreath, M., Campbell, B., La Bounty, P., Bunn, J., Dove, J., Harvey, T., Hudson, G., Gutierrez, J.L., Levers, K., and Galvan, E. (2018). Effects of Adherence to a Higher Protein Diet on Weight Loss, Markers of Health, and Functional Capacity in Older Women Participating in a Resistance-Based Exercise Program. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10081070"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-9-59","article-title":"Changes in weight loss, body composition and cardiovascular disease risk after altering macronutrient distributions during a regular exercise program in obese women","volume":"9","author":"Kerksick","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"LB254","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.29.1_supplement.lb254","article-title":"Effects of an Exercise and Diet-Induced Weight Loss Program on Resistin and Visfatin in Sedentary Obese Women","volume":"29","author":"Khanna","year":"2015","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"325","article-title":"Effects of Conjugated Linoleic Acid Supplementation During Resistance Training on Body Composition, Bone Density, Strength, and Selected Hematological Markers","volume":"16","author":"Kreider","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3810\/psm.2011.05.1893","article-title":"A Carbohydrate-Restricted Diet during Resistance Training Promotes More Favorable Changes in Body Composition and Markers of Health in Obese Women with and without Insulin Resistance","volume":"39","author":"Kreider","year":"2011","journal-title":"Physician Sportsmed."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lockard, B., Mardock, M., Oliver, J.M., Byrd, M., Simbo, S., Jagim, A.R., Kresta, J., Baetge, C.C., Jung, Y.P., and Koozehchian, M.S. (2022). Comparison of Two Diet and Exercise Approaches on Weight Loss and Health Outcomes in Obese Women. Int. J. Environ. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19084877"},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"Sherman, A. (2023). Q&A: SlimBiotics on its ancient plant-based probiotic strains for weight management. Glob. Food."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho, Y.G., Yang, Y.J., Yoon, Y.S., Lee, E.S., Lee, J.H., Jeong, Y., and Kang, C.H. (2022). Effect of MED-02 containing two probiotic strains, Limosilactobacillus fermentum MG4231 and MG4244, on body fat reduction in overweight or obese subjects: A randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14173583"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2021.0370","article-title":"Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum LMT1-48 on body fat in overweight subjects: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"47","author":"Sohn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. J."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.23801","article-title":"Effect of synbiotics on weight loss and metabolic health in adults with overweight and obesity: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"31","author":"Lyon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1007\/s40200-025-01632-6","article-title":"Effects of multi-strain synbiotic supplementation on liver enzymes, insulin resistance, anthropometric, and inflammatory indices in overweight and obese adults with fatty liver and diabetes: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"24","author":"Yazdani","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho, W.-Y., Hong, G.-E., Lee, H.-J., Yeon, S.-J., Paik, H.-D., Hosaka, Y.Z., and Lee, C.-H. (2020). Effect of Yogurt Fermented by Lactobacillus Fermentum TSI and L. Fermentum S2 Derived from a Mongolian Traditional Dairy Product on Rats with High-Fat-Diet-Induced Obesity. Foods, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9050594"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14509","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.14509","article-title":"Protective effect of probiotic and prebiotic fermented milk containing Lactobacillus fermentum against obesity-induced hepatic steatosis and inflammation","volume":"46","author":"Rani","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Food Biochem."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mikelsaar, M., Sepp, E., \u0160t\u0161epetova, J., H\u00fctt, P., Zilmer, K., Kullisaar, T., and Zilmer, M. (2015). Regulation of plasma lipid profile by lactobacillus fermentum (probiotic strain ME-3 DSM14241) in a randomised controlled trial of clinically healthy adults. BMC Nutr., 1.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40795-015-0020-z"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s12263-017-0585-z","article-title":"Synbiotic effects of \u03b2-glucans from cauliflower mushroom and Lactobacillus fermentum on metabolic changes and gut microbiome in estrogen-deficient rats","volume":"12","author":"Jeong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genes Nutr."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2012.09.001","article-title":"Lactobacillus fermentum and Lactobacillus amylovorus as probiotics alter body adiposity and gut microflora in healthy persons","volume":"5","author":"Omar","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068845","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1068845","article-title":"Effect of Lactobacillus fermentum HFY06 combined with arabinoxylan on reducing lipid accumulation in mice fed with high-fat diet","volume":"2022","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ebrahimzadeh, V., Amani, F., Ghalami, J., Roozbeh-Nasiraie, L., and Alaeddini, B. (2025). Effects of native Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus fermentum, and Lactobacillus plantarum on serum level of omentin-1, glycemic markers, and lipid profile in obese adults: A triple-blind clinical trial. Preprint.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-7956544\/v1"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhathena, J., Martoni, C., Malhotra, M., Kulamarva, A., Urbanska, A.M., Paul, A., Prakash, S., and Tomaro-Duchesneau, C. (2012). Effect of Orally Administered Microencapsulated FA-Producing L. fermentum on Markers of Metabolic Syndrome: An In Vivo Analysis, OMICS International.","DOI":"10.4172\/2155-6156.S2-009"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2338","DOI":"10.1039\/C6FO00107F","article-title":"Minimally processed foods are more satiating and less hyperglycemic than ultra-processed foods: A preliminary study with 98 ready-to-eat foods","volume":"7","author":"Fardet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114524002800","article-title":"Minimally processed foods have a higher total antioxidant content compared to processed and ultra-processed foods: Results from an analysis of 1946 food items","volume":"132","author":"Basile","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1108\/BFJ-12-2020-1087","article-title":"Minimally processed versus processed and ultra-processed food in individuals at cardiometabolic risk","volume":"124","author":"Juvanhol","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. Food J."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clemente-Su\u00e1rez, V.J., Beltr\u00e1n-Velasco, A.I., Redondo-Fl\u00f3rez, L., Mart\u00edn-Rodr\u00edguez, A., and Tornero-Aguilera, J.F. (2023). Global Impacts of Western Diet and Its Effects on Metabolism and Health: A Narrative Review. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15122749"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8878","DOI":"10.1039\/D4FO02390K","article-title":"Limosilactobacillus fermentum HNU312 alleviates lipid accumulation and inflammation induced by a high-fat diet: Improves lipid metabolism pathways and increases short-chain fatty acids in the gut microbiome","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105471","article-title":"Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716 ameliorates high fat diet-induced obesity in mice through modulation of gut microbiota dysbiosis","volume":"167","author":"Vezza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Luna Freire, M.O., do Nascimento, L.C.P., de Oliveira, K.\u00c1.R., de Oliveira, A.M., Napole\u00e3o, T.H., Lima, M.d.S., Lagranha, C.J., de Souza, E.L., and de Brito Alves, J.L. (2021). Effects of a mixed Limosilactobacillus fermentum formulation with claimed probiotic properties on cardiometabolic variables, biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in male rats fed a high-fat diet. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10092202"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1039\/C6FO00993J","article-title":"Effects of weight loss using supplementation with Lactobacillus strains on body fat and medium-chain acylcarnitines in overweight individuals","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s12950-021-00272-w","article-title":"Lactobacillus fermentum CQPC07 attenuates obesity, inflammation and dyslipidemia by modulating the antioxidant capacity and lipid metabolism in high-fat diet induced obese mice","volume":"18","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v13.i9.717","article-title":"Potential role of Limosilactobacillus fermentum as a probiotic with anti-diabetic properties: A review","volume":"13","author":"Lacerda","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25088","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.452516","article-title":"Beneficial metabolic effects of a probiotic via butyrate-induced GLP-1 hormone secretion","volume":"288","author":"Yadav","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.004","article-title":"A newly identified protein from Akkermansia muciniphila stimulates GLP-1 secretion","volume":"33","author":"Cani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1717719","article-title":"Considering gut microbiota in treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"11","author":"Adeshirlarijaney","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1159\/000530804","article-title":"Alpha-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone-Mediated Appetite Regulation in the Central Nervous System","volume":"113","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-020-00837-6","article-title":"Gut bacterial ClpB-like gene function is associated with decreased body weight and a characteristic microbiota profile","volume":"8","author":"Burokas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.21977","article-title":"Effect of Exercise Type During Intentional Weight Loss on Body Composition in Older Adults with Obesity","volume":"25","author":"Beavers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.131391","article-title":"Effects of matched weight loss from calorie restriction, exercise, or both on cardiovascular disease risk factors: A randomized intervention trial","volume":"104","author":"Weiss","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serra, M.C., and Ryan, A.S. (2021). Bone Mineral Density Changes during Weight Regain following Weight Loss with and without Exercise. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082848"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0000000000000087","article-title":"Weight loss and bone mineral density","volume":"21","author":"Hunter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes Obes."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2502","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.22.2502","article-title":"Bone mineral density response to caloric restriction\u2013induced weight loss or exercise-induced weight loss: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"166","author":"Villareal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2655","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-016-3617-4","article-title":"The effects of weight loss approaches on bone mineral density in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"27","author":"Soltani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.11005\/jbm.2022.29.4.225","article-title":"Effect of Lactobacillus Fermentum as a Probiotic Agent on Bone Health in Postmenopausal Women","volume":"29","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Bone Metab."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2017.1318724","article-title":"Effects of a multispecies probiotic supplement on bone health in osteopenic postmenopausal women: A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial","volume":"36","author":"Jafarnejad","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.14852","article-title":"Lactobacillus-fermented milk products attenuate bone loss in an experimental rat model of ovariectomy-induced post-menopausal primary osteoporosis","volume":"130","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5182","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.1824","article-title":"Lactobacillus Fermentum ZS40 prevents secondary osteoporosis in Wistar Rat","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-019-09577-y","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory and anti-osteoporotic potential of Lactobacillus plantarum A41 and L. fermentum SRK414 as probiotics","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17730","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.4c03218","article-title":"Lactobacilli and their fermented foods as a promising strategy for enhancing bone mineral density: A review","volume":"72","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.2217\/ijr.10.7","article-title":"Rates of bone loss in young adult males","volume":"5","author":"Specker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Rheumtol"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.120.256180","article-title":"Bone Mineral Density: Clinical Relevance and Quantitative Assessment","volume":"62","author":"Haseltine","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2016.12.014","article-title":"Reduction in energy expenditure during weight loss is higher than predicted based on fat free mass and fat mass in older adults","volume":"37","author":"Verreijen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2009.00654.x","article-title":"Relative changes in resting energy expenditure during weight loss: A systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Schwartz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(88)90149-7","article-title":"Weight loss leads to a marked decrease in nonresting energy expenditure in ambulatory human subjects","volume":"37","author":"Weigle","year":"1988","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-020-00502-w","article-title":"Lactobacillus fermentum promotes adipose tissue oxidative phosphorylation to protect against diet-induced obesity","volume":"52","author":"Yoon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yi, R., Tan, F., Zhou, X., Mu, J., Li, L., Du, X., Yang, Z., and Zhao, X. (2020). Effects of Lactobacillus fermentum CQPC04 on Lipid Reduction in C57BL\/6J Mice. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.573586"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scispo.2025.08.001","article-title":"The impact of probiotic supplementation on aerobic capacity and muscle mass in athletes: A meta-analysis","volume":"40","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Sports"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazur-Kurach, P., Fr\u0105czek, B., and Klimek, A.T. (2022). Does Multi-Strain Probiotic Supplementation Impact the Effort Capacity of Competitive Road Cyclists?. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191912205"},{"key":"ref_130","first-page":"3862971","article-title":"The Potential Role of Probiotics in Controlling Overweight\/Obesity and Associated Metabolic Parameters in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"2019","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/12\/1908\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T03:31:52Z","timestamp":1781494312000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/12\/1908"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]]},"references-count":130,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["nu18121908"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu18121908","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]]}}}