{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T04:50:57Z","timestamp":1781931057066,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":157,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most frequent type of primary liver cancer and one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality globally, with its incidence increasingly driven not only by viral hepatitis and alcohol-related etiologies but also by metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. Dietary intake can modify gut microbial activity and the production of microbial metabolites, which in turn may regulate hepatic immune signaling and metabolic pathways along the gut\u2013liver axis. Microbiota-derived metabolites have emerged as important immunometabolic mediators linking dietary factors to hepatic immune responses and metabolic reprogramming. These metabolites, which have been shown to influence hepatic immune cell function and inflammatory signaling, include short-chain fatty acids, secondary bile acids, and tryptophan-derived indoles. Changes in the production and composition of these metabolites have been associated with immune dysregulation, chronic inflammation, and metabolic reprogramming that promote hepatocellular carcinoma development. This review highlights how diet\u2013microbiota interactions reshape hepatic immunometabolism and discusses their potential translational relevance for prevention and therapeutic strategies in hepatocellular carcinoma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18121911","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T03:01:27Z","timestamp":1781492487000},"page":"1911","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Diet\u2013Microbiota\u2013Immune Interactions in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: An Immunometabolic and Spatial Perspective"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6395-5459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asmaa E.","family":"Salem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Emergency Care, Pedagogy of Health and Nursing Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of P\u00e9cs, 7621 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nourhan","family":"Nassar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor 13736, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1027-6514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shimaa M.","family":"Emam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Hygiene, Safety and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, New Valley University, El-Kharga 72511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7450-6181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaimaa H.","family":"Negm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Home Economics Department, Faculty of Specific Education, Port Said University, Port Said 42512, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1942-8982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wamidh H.","family":"Talib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11937, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9551-8440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bence","family":"Raposa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Basics of Health Sciences, Midwifery and Health Visiting, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of P\u00e9cs, 7621 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"19","article-title":"Impact of diet and gut microbiota changes in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"10","author":"Scarlata","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hepatoma Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.03.017","article-title":"Global burden of liver disease: 2023 update","volume":"79","author":"Devarbhavi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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