{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T04:51:41Z","timestamp":1781671901729,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":216,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,14]],"date-time":"2026-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Enterocutaneous fistulas (ECFs) and enteroatmospheric fistulas (EAFs) are rare but highly morbid complications that most commonly arise after abdominal surgery. Outcomes have improved with advances in multidisciplinary care and with increasing research on how to best manage them; however, they remain associated with significant morbidity, high mortality, and prolonged hospitalization. Optimal timing of definitive repair is unknown, with many high-volume centers waiting 6\u201312 months, though emerging data suggest that earlier intervention may be feasible in carefully selected patients. Given their complexity and variability in management, a comprehensive review of current evidence is needed. Methods: A narrative review of the literature was conducted with emphasis on the classification, pathophysiology, and multidisciplinary management of ECFs and EAFs. Relevant studies addressing fluid and sepsis control, nutritional optimization, wound care, pharmacologic therapies, and interventional strategies were reviewed. Results: The management of ECFs requires a staged approach focused on fluid resuscitation, sepsis control, wound management, and nutritional optimization. Spontaneous closure can occur, and is most commonly within the first two months. Nutritional optimization through enteral and\/or parenteral nutrition or fistuloclysis plays a vital role in improving outcomes. Therapies such as negative pressure wound therapy, biologics, and pharmacologic agents may support spontaneous closure and fistula control. In non-healing fistulas, surgical repair remains necessary, with optimal time for surgery at least 6\u201312 months from fistula development. Conclusions: ECFs and EAFs remain complex surgical challenges. Outcomes have improved due to advances in nutritional support and wound management, and the emergence of minimally invasive techniques. Standardization of treatment protocols and further research into novel therapy may further enhance outcomes and limit variability in management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18121926","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T03:01:27Z","timestamp":1781492487000},"page":"1926","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Enterocutaneous Fistulas: Current Management"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Amier Mohamed","family":"Rashed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"April","family":"Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF)\u2014East Bay, Oakland, CA 94602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4994-0100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D. Dante","family":"Yeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Denver Health Medical Center, University of Colorado, Denver, CO 80204, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000002673","article-title":"Enterocutaneous fistula after emergency general surgery: Mortality, readmission, and financial burden","volume":"89","author":"Hatchimonji","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Trauma Acute Care Surg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1177\/0884533612444541","article-title":"Enteroatmospheric fistula: From soup to nuts","volume":"27","author":"Majercik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1177\/000313480907500106","article-title":"Enterocutaneous fistula complicating trauma laparotomy: A major resource burden","volume":"75","author":"Teixeira","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. Surg."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1262986","article-title":"Enterocutaneous fistulas in the setting of trauma and critical illness","volume":"23","author":"Dubose","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Colon Rectal Surg."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2020.08.038","article-title":"Thirty-day outcomes in the operative management of intestinal-cutaneous fistulas: A NSQIP analysis","volume":"221","author":"Christensen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e3182aafe6b","article-title":"Persistent inflammation-immunosuppression catabolism syndrome, a common manifestation of patients with enterocutaneous fistula in intensive care unit","volume":"76","author":"Hu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Trauma Acute Care Surg."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-197410000-00003","article-title":"The role of surgery and hyperalimentation in therapy of gastrointestinal-cutaneous fistulae","volume":"180","author":"Aguirre","year":"1974","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1580732","article-title":"Enterocutaneous Fistula: Proven Strategies and Updates","volume":"29","author":"Melton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Colon Rectal Surg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.2009.66","article-title":"Risk factors for recurrence after repair of enterocutaneous fistula","volume":"144","author":"Brenner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Surg."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1007\/DCR.0b013e3181b4c34a","article-title":"The management of enterocutaneous fistula in a regional unit in the United kingdom: A prospective study","volume":"53","author":"Datta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dis. Colon Rectum"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.6326","article-title":"Health-related quality of life in patients treated for enterocutaneous fistula","volume":"95","author":"Visschers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1007\/s10151-022-02656-3","article-title":"Treatment of enterocutaneous fistula: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Gefen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Tech. Coloproctol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1","article-title":"Classification, prevention and management of entero-atmospheric fistula: A state-of-the-art review","volume":"401","author":"Tarasconi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Langenbecks Arch. Surg."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2014.08.017","article-title":"ESPEN endorsed recommendations. Definition and classification of intestinal failure in adults","volume":"34","author":"Pironi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-007-9304-z","article-title":"Systematic management of postoperative enterocutaneous fistulas: Factors related to outcomes","volume":"32","author":"Martinez","year":"2008","journal-title":"World J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"171","article-title":"Management of enterocutaneous fistulas: 30-year clinical experience","volume":"116","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/S1072-7515(99)00038-1","article-title":"A multivariate model to determine prognostic factors in gastrointestinal fistulas","volume":"188","author":"Campos","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Surg."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.4788","article-title":"An 11-year experience of enterocutaneous fistula","volume":"91","author":"Hollington","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2006.07.003","article-title":"Enterocutaneous fistula: Are treatments improving?","volume":"140","author":"Draus","year":"2006","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-197810000-00003","article-title":"Management of external gastrointestinal fistulas","volume":"188","author":"Reber","year":"1978","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-009-0922-7","article-title":"How I do it: Gastrointestinal cutaneous fistulas","volume":"13","author":"Osborn","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Surg."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"345","article-title":"One hundred and fourteen fistulas of the gastrointestinal tract treated with total parenteral nutrition","volume":"163","author":"Rose","year":"1986","journal-title":"Surg. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2341","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-012-1663-4","article-title":"Guided treatment improves outcome of patients with enterocutaneous fistulas","volume":"36","author":"Visschers","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.5396","article-title":"Nutrition and management of enterocutaneous fistula","volume":"93","author":"Lloyd","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2005.08.001","article-title":"Current management of enterocutaneous fistula","volume":"10","author":"Evenson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Surg."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.suc.2011.02.004","article-title":"Management of enterocutaneous fistulas","volume":"91","author":"Schecter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Surg. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"924","article-title":"A ten-year review of enterocutaneous fistulas after laparotomy for trauma","volume":"67","author":"Fischer","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sla.0000143895.17811.e3","article-title":"Clinical outcome and factors predictive of recurrence after enterocutaneous fistula surgery","volume":"240","author":"Lynch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1177\/0884533617701402","article-title":"Treatment of Enterocutaneous Fistulas, Then and Now","volume":"32","author":"Ortiz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1001\/2013.jamasurg.153","article-title":"Definitive surgical treatment of enterocutaneous fistula: Outcomes of a 23-year experience","volume":"148","author":"Owen","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Surg."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1111\/codi.12363","article-title":"Seven-year experience of enterocutaneous fistula with univariate and multivariate analysis of factors associated with healing: Development of a validated scoring system","volume":"15","author":"Rahbour","year":"2013","journal-title":"Color. Dis."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1177\/1457496913490452","article-title":"Outcome of 132 consecutive reconstructive operations for intestinal fistula\u2013staged operation without primary anastomosis improved outcome in retrospective analysis","volume":"102","author":"Runstrom","year":"2013","journal-title":"Scand. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-828654","article-title":"Management of enterocutaneous fistulas","volume":"17","author":"Kaushal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Colon Rectal Surg."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.suc.2013.06.006","article-title":"Takedown of enterocutaneous fistula and complex abdominal wall reconstruction","volume":"93","author":"Slade","year":"2013","journal-title":"Surg. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1177\/00031348241265353","article-title":"Protocolized Gastrointestinal Fistula Management is Superior to Historic Data and National Averages: A Retrospective Review of an Enterocutaneous Fistula Registry","volume":"92","author":"Moore","year":"2026","journal-title":"Am. Surg."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-007-9371-1","article-title":"Treatment strategies in 135 consecutive patients with enterocutaneous fistulas","volume":"32","author":"Visschers","year":"2008","journal-title":"World J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2008.01.001","article-title":"A cautionary note: The use of vacuum-assisted closure systems in the treatment of gastrointestinal cutaneous fistula may be associated with higher mortality from subsequent fistula development","volume":"196","author":"Fischer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1318.2006.01154.x","article-title":"The use of vacuum-assisted closure of abdominal wounds: A word of caution","volume":"9","author":"Rao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Color. Dis."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-007-9235-8","article-title":"Treatment of high-output enterocutaneous fistulas with a vacuum-compaction device. A ten-year experience","volume":"32","author":"Wainstein","year":"2008","journal-title":"World J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ta.0000203588.66012.c4","article-title":"The \u201cFistula VAC,\u201d a technique for management of enterocutaneous fistulae arising within the open abdomen: Report of 5 cases","volume":"60","author":"Goverman","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1006\/gyno.2000.6092","article-title":"Vacuum-assisted closure for cutaneous gastrointestinal fistula management","volume":"80","author":"Alvarez","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.12597","article-title":"Management of enteroatmospheric fistula with negative pressure wound therapy in open abdomen treatment: A multicentre observational study","volume":"14","author":"Bobkiewicz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Wound J."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"703","article-title":"Vacuum-assisted closure of enterocutaneous fistula","volume":"107","author":"Boulanger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Chir. Belg."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1136\/pmj.78.920.364","article-title":"Vacuum assisted closure system in the management of enterocutaneous fistulae","volume":"78","author":"Cro","year":"2002","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2010.06.025","article-title":"Treatment of small-bowel fistulae in the open abdomen with topical negative-pressure therapy","volume":"202","author":"Devriendt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sap.0000228966.13979.1c","article-title":"Management of enterocutaneous fistulas using negative-pressure dressings","volume":"57","author":"Gunn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"2527","article-title":"Vacuum Assisted Closure (VAC) therapyTM as a swiss knife multi-tool for enteric fistula closure: Tips and tricks: A pilot study","volume":"18","author":"Pepe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1002\/wjs.12156","article-title":"A method for treatment of deep and superficial enteroatmospheric fistulas in an open abdomen, ChimneyVAC: Ten years experience","volume":"48","author":"Seternes","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1111\/ans.18270","article-title":"How to isolate a high output enteroatmospheric fistula in the open abdomen with negative pressure therapy: An institution\u2019s step by step guide to the VAC donut","volume":"93","author":"Suter","year":"2023","journal-title":"ANZ J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1002\/ncp.11245","article-title":"Use of parenteral nutrition in the management of enterocutaneous fistula","volume":"40","author":"Kumpf","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1002\/ncp.10797","article-title":"Role of the nutrition-focused physical examination in identifying malnutrition and its effectiveness","volume":"37","author":"Hummell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1002\/ncp.10588","article-title":"The Use of Visceral Proteins as Nutrition Markers: An ASPEN Position Paper","volume":"36","author":"Evans","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.09.034","article-title":"Nutritional status and physical performance using handgrip and SPPB tests in hospitalized older adults","volume":"40","author":"Amasene","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607116680792","article-title":"ASPEN-FELANPE Clinical Guidelines: Nutrition Support of Adult Patients with Enterocutaneous Fistula","volume":"41","author":"Kumpf","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt1978244420","article-title":"Kinetics of acetaminophen absorption and gastric emptying in man","volume":"24","author":"Clements","year":"1978","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02774597","article-title":"Gastric emptying in normal subjects and patients with peptic ulcer: A study using the acetaminophen method","volume":"14","author":"Harasawa","year":"1979","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Jpn."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1002\/ncp.10608","article-title":"Nutrition Management of the High-Output Fistulae","volume":"36","author":"Couper","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1177\/001857870504001210","article-title":"Using Nitrogen Balance in Clinical Practice","volume":"40","author":"Dickerson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hosp. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, Q.Q., Hong, Z.W., Ren, H.J., Wu, L., Wang, G.F., Gu, G.S., Chen, J., Zheng, T., Wu, X.W., and Ren, J.A. (2020). Nutritional Management of Patients with Enterocutaneous Fistulas: Practice and Progression. Front. Nutr., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2020.564379"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800690310","article-title":"Management of postoperative enterocutaneous fistulas: The roles of parenteral nutrition and surgery","volume":"69","author":"Jaurrieta","year":"1982","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-197908000-00012","article-title":"Review of 404 patients with gastrointestinal fistulas. Impact of parenteral nutrition","volume":"190","author":"Soeters","year":"1979","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1002\/ncp.10824","article-title":"Exploring the long-term risk factors associated with intestinal failure-associated liver disease in pediatric and adult patients: The role of lipid injectable emulsions in the development of liver disease","volume":"37","author":"Melendez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v10.i9.1345","article-title":"Catheter-related infection in gastrointestinal fistula patients","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.45.2.236","article-title":"Structural, neuronal, and functional adaptive changes in atrophic rat ileum","volume":"45","author":"Ekelund","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2006.102046","article-title":"The effect of faecal diversion on human ileum","volume":"56","author":"Williams","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0000000000000237","article-title":"Stimulation of the efferent limb before ileostomy closure: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"57","author":"Abrisqueta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dis. Colon Rectum"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-019-05753-w","article-title":"Chyme Reinfusion Is Associated with Lower Rate of Postoperative Ileus in Crohn\u2019s Disease Patients After Stoma Closure","volume":"65","author":"Duan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3934","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-022-09510-5","article-title":"Bowel stimulation before loop ileostomy closure to reduce postoperative ileus: A multicenter, single-blinded, randomized controlled trial","volume":"37","author":"Garfinkle","year":"2023","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Z., Fang, L., Lv, L., Niu, Z., Hou, L., Chen, D., Zhou, Y., and Guo, D. (2021). Self-administered succus entericus reinfusion before ileostomy closure improves short-term outcomes. BMC Surg., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12893-021-01444-4"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cawich, S.O., McFarlane, M., and Mitchell, D. (2006). Fistuloclysis: A Novel Approach to the Management of Enterocutaneous Fistulae. Internet J. Surg., 9.","DOI":"10.5580\/255d"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1177\/0115426507022005553","article-title":"Fistuloclysis: Case report and literature review","volume":"22","author":"Ham","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"56","article-title":"Fistuloclysis\u2014A valuable option for a difficult problem","volume":"46","author":"Peer","year":"2008","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"47","article-title":"The Art of Fistuloclysis: Nutritional Management of Enterocutaneous Fistulas","volume":"34","author":"Willcutts","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pract. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1097\/WON.0000000000000166","article-title":"Fistuloclysis: An Interprofessional Approach to Nourishing the Fistula Patient","volume":"42","author":"Willcutts","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Wound Ostomy Cont. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.137.12.1446-a","article-title":"Succus entericus reinfusion to treat postoperative small-bowel fistula","volume":"137","author":"Bissett","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Surg."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2012.07.064","article-title":"Recycling of bowel content: The importance of the right timing","volume":"48","author":"Pataki","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1072363","article-title":"Decrease of cholestasis under \u201ccontinuous extracorporeal stool transport (CEST)\u201d in prematures and neonates with stomas","volume":"10","author":"Schafer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1002\/ncp.10417","article-title":"Chyme Reinfusion for Small Bowel Double Enterostomies and Enteroatmospheric Fistulas in Adult Patients: A Systematic Review","volume":"35","author":"Bhat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijscr.2013.04.041","article-title":"Continuous reinfusion of succus entericus associated with fistuloclysis in the management of a complex jejunal fistula on the abdominal wall","volume":"4","author":"Pflug","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1111\/codi.12727","article-title":"Refeeding enteroclysis as an alternative to parenteral nutrition for enteric fistula","volume":"16","author":"Coetzee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Color. Dis."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1002\/jpen.2704","article-title":"Chyme reinfusion therapy in adults with severe acute intestinal failure: A descriptive cohort study","volume":"49","author":"Farrer","year":"2025","journal-title":"JPEN J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2016.04.020","article-title":"Chyme reinfusion in patients with intestinal failure due to temporary double enterostomy: A 15-year prospective cohort in a referral centre","volume":"36","author":"Picot","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"372","article-title":"Reinfusion of secretions from high-output proximal stomas or fistulas","volume":"167","author":"Rinsema","year":"1988","journal-title":"Surg. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.4520","article-title":"Fistuloclysis can successfully replace parenteral feeding in the nutritional support of patients with enterocutaneous fistula","volume":"91","author":"Teubner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941514","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/941514","article-title":"Fistuloclysis improves liver function and nutritional status in patients with high-output upper enteric fistula","volume":"2014","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(78)90247-0","article-title":"Inhibitory role of the distal small intestine on the gastric secretory response to meals in man","volume":"74","author":"Clain","year":"1978","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G86","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.2002.282.1.G86","article-title":"Chylomicron components mediate intestinal lipid-induced inhibition of gastric motor function","volume":"282","author":"Glatzle","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2003.041673","article-title":"Chylomicron components activate duodenal vagal afferents via a cholecystokinin A receptor-mediated pathway to inhibit gastric motor function in the rat","volume":"550","author":"Glatzle","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(89)91561-8","article-title":"Effect of ileal perfusion of carbohydrates and amylase inhibitor on gastrointestinal hormones and emptying","volume":"96","author":"Jain","year":"1989","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-198311000-00006","article-title":"Inhibition of upper gastrointestinal secretions by reinfusion of succus entericus into the distal small bowel. A clinical study of 30 patients with peritonitis and temporary enterostomy","volume":"198","author":"Levy","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-006-0021-9","article-title":"Ileal brake: Neuropeptidergic control of intestinal transit","volume":"8","author":"Lin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2670","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32017","article-title":"Chyme Reinfusion Restores the Regulatory Bile Salt-FGF19 Axis in Patients with Intestinal Failure","volume":"74","author":"Koelfat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1002\/ncp.10823","article-title":"Chyme reinfusion improved outcomes after definitive surgery for small-intestinal enteroatmospheric fistula in patients with enteral nutrition","volume":"37","author":"Liao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1605","DOI":"10.1590\/0102-672020210002e1605","article-title":"The Role of Fistuloclysis in the Treatment of Patients with Enteroatmospheric Fistulas","volume":"34","author":"Yeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Cir. Dig."},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"382","article-title":"Chyme reinfusion or enteroclysis in nutrition of patients with temporary double enterostomy or enterocutaneous fistula","volume":"19","author":"Thibault","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14653","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000014653","article-title":"A technique to establish fistuloclysis for high-output jejunocutaneous fistula through percutaneous enterostomy: A case report","volume":"98","author":"Niu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14136","article-title":"Systematic review: Pharmacotherapy for high-output enterostomies or enteral fistulas","volume":"46","author":"Reeskamp","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2018.01.040","article-title":"Redefining \u201cbowel regimen\u201d: Pharmacologic strategies and nutritional considerations in the management of small bowel fistulas","volume":"216","author":"Parli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"672","article-title":"Blind evaluation of the effect of octreotide (SMS 201-995), a somatostatin analogue, on small-bowel fistula output","volume":"2","author":"Badia","year":"1987","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e318260aa26","article-title":"A meta-analysis of outcomes following use of somatostatin and its analogues for the management of enterocutaneous fistulas","volume":"256","author":"Rahbour","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800820521","article-title":"Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of early octreotide in patients with postoperative enterocutaneous fistula","volume":"82","author":"Sancho","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"266","article-title":"Octreotide and postoperative enterocutaneous fistulae: A controlled prospective study","volume":"56","author":"Scott","year":"1993","journal-title":"Acta Gastro-Enterol. Belg."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1007\/s002689910086","article-title":"Complicated enterocutaneous fistulas: Failure of octreotide to improve healing","volume":"24","author":"Alvarez","year":"2000","journal-title":"World J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1002\/jpen.1149","article-title":"Long-Term Therapy with Teduglutide in Parenteral Support-Dependent Patients with Short Bowel Syndrome: A Case Series","volume":"42","author":"Ukleja","year":"2018","journal-title":"JPEN J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(89)80069-1","article-title":"Diminishing efficacy of octreotide (SMS 201-995) on gastric functions of healthy subjects during one-week administration","volume":"96","author":"Londong","year":"1989","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"446","article-title":"The adverse effects of octreotide on wound healing in rats","volume":"63","author":"Waddell","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. Surg."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S1091-255X(98)80009-7","article-title":"Somatostatin analogue predisposes enterocytes to apoptosis","volume":"2","author":"Thompson","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Surg."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1993.01420160023002","article-title":"Somatostatin analogue inhibits intestinal regeneration","volume":"128","author":"Thompson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch. Surg."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.09.007","article-title":"Teduglutide reduces need for parenteral support among patients with short bowel syndrome with intestinal failure","volume":"143","author":"Jeppesen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1177\/1756283X11436318","article-title":"Teduglutide, a novel glucagon-like peptide 2 analog, in the treatment of patients with short bowel syndrome","volume":"5","author":"Jeppesen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.005","article-title":"GLP-2 receptor localizes to enteric neurons and endocrine cells expressing vasoactive peptides and mediates increased blood flow","volume":"130","author":"Guan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2022.04.031","article-title":"Teduglutide for the treatment of low-output enterocutaneous fistula\u2014A pilot randomized controlled study","volume":"50","author":"Yeh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7573","DOI":"10.1097\/JS9.0000000000002125","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of stem cell therapy for fistula management: An overview of existing systematic reviews","volume":"110","author":"Tripathi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.167.1.8659416","article-title":"Percutaneous management of enterocutaneous fistulas","volume":"167","author":"Boverie","year":"1996","journal-title":"AJR Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1660452","article-title":"Percutaneous management of enterocutaneous fistulae and abscess-fistula complexes","volume":"2","author":"Ballard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Interv."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1177\/1553350614535860","article-title":"Systematic review of cyanoacrylate embolization for refractory gastrointestinal fistulae: A promising therapy","volume":"22","author":"Lopez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Surg. Innov."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2793","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v16.i22.2793","article-title":"Reduction of the closure time of postoperative enterocutaneous fistulas with fibrin sealant","volume":"16","year":"2010","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1007\/s11938-018-0199-6","article-title":"Endoscopic Full-Thickness Defects and Closure Techniques","volume":"16","author":"Sachdev","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Treat. Options Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_119","first-page":"452","article-title":"Endoscopic Management of Gastrointestinal Fistulae","volume":"10","author":"Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10542","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i37.10542","article-title":"Endoscopic management of gastrointestinal perforations, leaks and fistulas","volume":"21","author":"Rogalski","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-018-3236-6","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Stents in the Treatment of Fistula After Bariatric Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Okazaki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obes. Surg."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2014.03.049","article-title":"International multicenter experience with an over-the-scope clipping device for endoscopic management of GI defects (with video)","volume":"80","author":"Law","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.3109\/13645706.2012.694367","article-title":"Performance of the OTSC System in the endoscopic closure of gastrointestinal fistulae\u2014A meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Weiland","year":"2012","journal-title":"Minim. Invasive Ther. Allied Technol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E318","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1255822","article-title":"Cardiac septal umbrella for closure of a tracheoesophageal fistula","volume":"42","author":"Coppola","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E53","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1256058","article-title":"Closure of a gastrotracheal fistula using a cardiac septal occluder device","volume":"43","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E147","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1364948","article-title":"Closure of a persistent gastric leak using a cardiac septal occluder","volume":"46","author":"Kumbhari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2009.03.027","article-title":"A new method for endoscopic closure of gastrocolonic fistula: Novel application of a cardiac septal defect closure device (with video)","volume":"70","author":"Melmed","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1214606","article-title":"Endoscopic treatment of postoperative enterocutaneous fistulas after bariatric surgery with the use of a fistula plug: Report of five cases","volume":"41","author":"Toussaint","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2015.10.037","article-title":"Endoscopic treatment of a chronic fistula by resection and sutured closure","volume":"83","author":"Abidi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E403","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1257040","article-title":"New endoscopic suturing device for closure of chronic gastrocutaneous fistula in an immunocompromised patient","volume":"43","author":"Dot","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giec.2019.08.010","article-title":"The Use of the Overstitch to Close Perforations and Fistulas","volume":"30","author":"Ge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2011.04.031","article-title":"Successful closure of a chronic refractory gastrocutaneous fistula with a new endoscopic suturing device (with video)","volume":"75","author":"Kantsevoy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-114036","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of fistula closure by endoscopic suturing: A multi-center study","volume":"48","author":"Mukewar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000000336","article-title":"A Large Multicenter Experience with Endoscopic Suturing for Management of Gastrointestinal Defects and Stent Anchorage in 122 Patients: A Retrospective Review","volume":"50","author":"Sharaiha","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soard.2016.01.004","article-title":"Endoluminal closure of gastrogastric fistula","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Surg. Obes. Relat. Dis."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(00)70391-9","article-title":"Endoscopic treatment of clinically symptomatic leaks of thoracic esophageal anastomoses","volume":"51","author":"Pross","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2014.12.003","article-title":"Long-term efficacy of endoscopic vacuum therapy for the treatment of colorectal anastomotic leaks","volume":"47","author":"Arezzo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1097\/SLE.0b013e318196c706","article-title":"Treatment of upper gastrointestinal leaks with a removable, covered, self-expanding metallic stent","volume":"19","author":"Babor","year":"2009","journal-title":"Surg. Laparosc. Endosc. Percutan. Tech."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2009.10.061","article-title":"Utility of removable esophageal covered self-expanding metal stents for leak and fistula management","volume":"89","author":"Blackmon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sla.0000143122.76666.ae","article-title":"Treatment of thoracic anastomotic leaks after esophagectomy with self-expanding plastic stents","volume":"240","author":"Hunerbein","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-007-9504-5","article-title":"Stent implantation as a treatment option in patients with thoracic anastomotic leaks after esophagectomy","volume":"22","author":"Kauer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2004.07.006","article-title":"Management of postoperative esophageal leaks with the Polyflex self-expanding covered plastic stent","volume":"79","author":"Langer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000000564","article-title":"The role of esophageal stents in the management of esophageal anastomotic leaks and benign esophageal perforations","volume":"259","author":"Dasari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2258","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-008-0302-5","article-title":"Endoscopic therapy for esophageal perforation or anastomotic leak with a self-expandable metallic stent","volume":"23","author":"Leers","year":"2009","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7439","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000007439","article-title":"Full covered self-expandable metal stents for the treatment of anastomotic leak using a silk thread","volume":"96","author":"Choi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soard.2007.09.003","article-title":"Repair of acute gastroesophageal leak after laparoscopic gastric bypass using a covered stent","volume":"3","author":"Dallal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Surg. Obes. Relat. Dis."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soard.2008.05.009","article-title":"Management of anastomotic leaks after Roux-en-Y bypass using self-expanding polyester stents","volume":"4","author":"Edwards","year":"2008","journal-title":"Surg. Obes. Relat. Dis."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-966533","article-title":"Endotherapy including temporary stenting of fistulas of the upper gastrointestinal tract after laparoscopic bariatric surgery","volume":"39","author":"Eisendrath","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1381\/096089206779319365","article-title":"Treatment of gastro-jejunal leakage and fistulization after gastric bypass with coated self-expanding stents","volume":"16","author":"Kriwanek","year":"2006","journal-title":"Obes. Surg."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-009-9978-4","article-title":"Gastroesophageal junction leak with serious sepsis after gastric bypass: Successful treatment with endoscopy-assisted intraluminal esophageal drainage and self-expandable covered metal stent","volume":"20","year":"2010","journal-title":"Obes. Surg."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-009-0859-x","article-title":"Treatment of leaks and other bariatric complications with endoluminal stents","volume":"13","author":"Thaler","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Surg."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soard.2006.10.011","article-title":"Use of Polyflex stents in treatment of acute esophageal and gastric leaks after bariatric surgery","volume":"3","author":"Fukumoto","year":"2007","journal-title":"Surg. Obes. Relat. Dis."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-015-1596-8","article-title":"Effectiveness of Endoscopic Management Using Self-Expandable Metal Stents in a Large Cohort of Patients with Post-bariatric Leaks","volume":"25","author":"Murino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obes. Surg."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2011.09.010","article-title":"Use of self-expandable stents in the treatment of bariatric surgery leaks: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"75","author":"Puli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-007-9161-8","article-title":"Treatment of gastric leaks with coated self-expanding stents after sleeve gastrectomy","volume":"17","author":"Serra","year":"2007","journal-title":"Obes. Surg."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2015.02.010","article-title":"Endoscopic Management of Gastrointestinal Leaks and Fistulae","volume":"13","author":"Willingham","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soard.2012.03.002","article-title":"Treatment of leaking gastrojejunostomy after gastric bypass surgery with special emphasis on stenting","volume":"9","author":"Freedman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Surg. Obes. Relat. Dis."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2013.06.014","article-title":"Utility of an endoscopic suturing system for prevention of covered luminal stent migration in the upper GI tract","volume":"78","author":"Fujii","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1325730","article-title":"Endoscopic suture fixation of gastrointestinal stents: Proof of biomechanical principles and early clinical experience","volume":"44","author":"Rieder","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-014-3640-5","article-title":"Endoscopic suture fixation of self-expanding metallic stents with and without submucosal injection","volume":"29","author":"Wilcox","year":"2015","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-008-0500-4","article-title":"Treatment of thoracic esophageal anastomotic leaks and esophageal perforations with endoluminal stents: Efficacy and current limitations","volume":"12","author":"Tuebergen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Surg."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3416","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000003416","article-title":"Comparison of Endoscopic Vacuum Therapy and Endoscopic Stent Implantation with Self-Expandable Metal Stent in Treating Postsurgical Gastroesophageal Leakage","volume":"95","author":"Hwang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_163","first-page":"554","article-title":"Gastrointestinal fistula endoscopic closure techniques","volume":"33","author":"Bhurwal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/den.12295","article-title":"Usefulness of over-the-scope clipping system for closing digestive fistulas","volume":"27","author":"Mercky","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dig. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1215231","article-title":"Novel over-the-scope-clip system for gastrotomy closure in natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES): An ex vivo comparison study","volume":"41","author":"Voermans","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2009.03.010","article-title":"Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery gastrotomy closure with an over-the-endoscope clip: A randomized, controlled porcine study (with videos)","volume":"70","author":"Schmidt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-014-3860-8","article-title":"Immediate technical and delayed clinical outcome of fistula closure using an over-the-scope clip device","volume":"29","author":"Law","year":"2015","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-013-2156-y","article-title":"Endoscopic closure of postoperative gastrointestinal leakages and fistulas with the Over-the-Scope Clip (OTSC)","volume":"17","author":"Mennigen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Surg."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2010.07.033","article-title":"Endoscopic closure of GI fistulae by using an over-the-scope clip (with videos)","volume":"72","author":"Denzer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1326435","article-title":"Endoscopic closure of esophageal intrathoracic leaks: Stent versus endoscopic vacuum-assisted closure, a retrospective analysis","volume":"45","author":"Brangewitz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-015-3044-4","article-title":"Surgical Endoscopic Vacuum Therapy for Defects of the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract","volume":"20","author":"Kuehn","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Surg."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"doy060","DOI":"10.1093\/dote\/doy060","article-title":"Comparison of endoscopic vacuum therapy versus endoscopic stenting for esophageal leaks: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Rausa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dis. Esophagus"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2473","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-015-4501-6","article-title":"The use of endoluminal vacuum (E-Vac) therapy in the management of upper gastrointestinal leaks and perforations","volume":"30","author":"Smallwood","year":"2016","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2009.07.011","article-title":"Management of major postsurgical gastroesophageal intrathoracic leaks with an endoscopic vacuum-assisted closure system","volume":"71","author":"Wedemeyer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2007.10.064","article-title":"Endoscopic vacuum-assisted closure of upper intestinal anastomotic leaks","volume":"67","author":"Wedemeyer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-017-5883-4","article-title":"Results of endoscopic vacuum-assisted closure device for treatment of upper GI leaks","volume":"32","author":"Bludau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-995384","article-title":"Endoscopic transanal vacuum-assisted rectal drainage (ETVARD): An optimized therapy for major leaks from extraperitoneal rectal anastomoses","volume":"40","author":"Glitsch","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-015-3017-7","article-title":"Endoscopic Vacuum Therapy in Colorectal Surgery","volume":"20","author":"Kuehn","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Surg."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-008-0186-4","article-title":"The Dutch multicenter experience of the endo-sponge treatment for anastomotic leakage after colorectal surgery","volume":"23","author":"Rosman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1818","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-007-9706-x","article-title":"Endoscopic vacuum-assisted closure of anastomotic leakage following anterior resection of the rectum: A new method","volume":"22","author":"Weidenhagen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-018-04082-z","article-title":"Endoluminal Vacuum Therapy: How I Do It","volume":"23","author":"Leeds","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Surg."},{"key":"ref_182","first-page":"1620","article-title":"Sealing effect of fibrin glue on the healing of gastrointestinal anastomoses: Implications for the endoscopic treatment of leaks","volume":"18","author":"Bonanomi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/S1051-0443(93)71910-7","article-title":"Closure of a duodenal fistula with fibrin sealant","volume":"4","author":"Brady","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2008.10.026","article-title":"Fibrin glue injection method with diluted thrombin for refractory postoperative digestive fistula","volume":"198","author":"Murakami","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E191","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1365427","article-title":"Successful endoscopic treatment using biological fibrin glue (Tissucol) for an enterocutaneous fistula occurring after cephalic duodenopancreatectomy","volume":"47","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soard.2012.01.006","article-title":"Treatment of gastric leaks after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: A paradigm shift","volume":"9","author":"Brolin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Surg. Obes. Relat. Dis."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1244165","article-title":"Treatment algorithm for postoperative upper gastrointestinal fistulas and leaks using combined vicryl plug and fibrin glue","volume":"42","author":"Bohm","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1381\/0960892053923842","article-title":"Drain erosion and gastro-jejunal fistula after one-anastomosis gastric bypass: Endoscopic occlusion by fibrin sealant","volume":"15","author":"Carbajo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Obes. Surg."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soard.2007.02.012","article-title":"Endoscopic injection of fibrin sealant in repair of gastrojejunostomy leak after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass","volume":"3","author":"Kowalski","year":"2007","journal-title":"Surg. Obes. Relat. Dis."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1381\/09608920160558759","article-title":"Endoscopic fibrin sealing of high-output non-healing gastrocutaneous fistulas after vertical gastroplasty in morbidly obese patients","volume":"11","author":"Papavramidis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Obes. Surg."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2008.05545.x","article-title":"Endoscopic fibrin sealing of gastrocutaneous fistulas after sleeve gastrectomy and biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch","volume":"23","author":"Papavramidis","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2014.06.002","article-title":"Tissue sealants in endoscopic applications for anastomotic leakage during a 25-year period","volume":"157","author":"Kotzampassi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1692","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-013-1048-2","article-title":"Fibrin glue and stents in the treatment of gastrojejunal leaks after laparoscopic gastric bypass: A case series and review of the literature","volume":"23","author":"Victorzon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obes. Surg."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-003-8286-7","article-title":"Results after endoscopic treatment of postoperative upper gastrointestinal fistulas and leaks using combined Vicryl plug and fibrin glue","volume":"18","author":"Truong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-120442","article-title":"Stent-over-sponge (SOS): A novel technique complementing endosponge therapy for foregut leaks and perforations","volume":"50","author":"Valli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01655937","article-title":"Factors influencing the outcome of treatment of small bowel cutaneous fistula","volume":"7","author":"Fazio","year":"1983","journal-title":"World J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000006897","article-title":"Timing of Curative Surgery in Postoperative Enterocutaneous Fistulas: A Retrospective Cohort Study of 200 Patients","volume":"282","author":"Pastier","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1093\/bjs\/znaa139","article-title":"Indocyanine green fluorescence angiography versus standard intraoperative methods for prevention of anastomotic leak in colorectal surgery: Meta-analysis","volume":"108","author":"Trastulli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s00068-011-0108-3","article-title":"Abdominal wall reconstruction in patients with enterocutaneous fistulas","volume":"37","author":"Latifi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Trauma Emerg. Surg."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000000733","article-title":"Safety and durability of one-stage repair of abdominal wall defects with enteric fistulas","volume":"261","author":"Slater","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2007.11.026","article-title":"Single-stage closure of enterocutaneous fistula and stomas in the presence of large abdominal wall defects using the components separation technique","volume":"197","author":"Wind","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2012.10.013","article-title":"Outcomes of simultaneous large complex abdominal wall reconstruction and enterocutaneous fistula takedown","volume":"205","author":"Krpata","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2013.07.382","article-title":"Outcomes of synthetic mesh in contaminated ventral hernia repairs","volume":"217","author":"Carbonell","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Surg."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2021.6902","article-title":"Biologic vs Synthetic Mesh for Single-stage Repair of Contaminated Ventral Hernias: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"157","author":"Rosen","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Surg."},{"key":"ref_205","first-page":"CD003348","article-title":"Patient controlled opioid analgesia versus non-patient controlled opioid analgesia for postoperative pain","volume":"2015","author":"McNicol","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-011-1703-7","article-title":"Factors predictive of recurrence and mortality after surgical repair of enterocutaneous fistula","volume":"16","author":"Martinez","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Surg."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1111\/codi.17186","article-title":"A population-based study of incidence, aetiology, treatment and outcome of enterocutaneous fistula","volume":"26","author":"Harle","year":"2024","journal-title":"Color. Dis."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e384523","DOI":"10.1590\/acb384523","article-title":"Adipose tissue-derived stem cells as a therapeutic strategy for enterocutaneous fistula: An experimental model study","volume":"38","author":"Pagotto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Cir. Bras."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2503179","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202503179","article-title":"Ionic Liquid-Reinforced Multifunctional Hydrogel for the Treatment of Enterocutaneous Fistula","volume":"37","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1089\/sur.2023.003","article-title":"A Pathologic Microbiome Impacts Post-Operative Anastomotic Healing","volume":"24","author":"Chang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Surg. Infect."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e131","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.10760","article-title":"Gut microbiome influences on anastomotic leak and recurrence rates following colorectal cancer surgery","volume":"105","author":"Gaines","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2022-328389","article-title":"Gut microbiota influence anastomotic healing in colorectal cancer surgery through modulation of mucosal proinflammatory cytokines","volume":"72","author":"Hajjar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2019.07.001","article-title":"Current evidence on the relation between gut microbiota and intestinal anastomotic leak in colorectal surgery","volume":"218","author":"Hajjar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_214","first-page":"470","article-title":"The role of dietary prehabilitation on anastomotic healing","volume":"26","author":"Alverdy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3842","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.04.032","article-title":"Improvement of colonic healing and surgical recovery with perioperative supplementation of inulin and galacto-oligosaccharides","volume":"40","author":"Hajjar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.11388","article-title":"Low-fat\/high-fibre diet prehabilitation improves anastomotic healing via the microbiome: An experimental model","volume":"107","author":"Hyoju","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/12\/1926\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T03:54:52Z","timestamp":1781668492000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/12\/1926"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,14]]},"references-count":216,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["nu18121926"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu18121926","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,14]]}}}