{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T16:35:36Z","timestamp":1785429336652,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004071","name":"Khon Kaen University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PD2568-02-11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD2568-02-11"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["PD2568-02-11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD2568-02-11"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03cq4gr50","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Science, Research and Innovation Fund"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The present study estimated the potential therapeutic effects of Borassus flabellifer immature endosperm extract (BFE) on the metabolic disorders of diabetes and hypothyroidism using a mixed research design. Methods: Characterization of phytochemicals via GC-MS demonstrated a highly abundant list of bioactive compounds, and it encompassed phenolic derivatives, methylxanthines, fatty acids, and inositol-related compounds. Molecular docking indicated that the major phytoconstituents showed positive binding affinities to the most vital metabolism and endocrine receptors, namely, TR\u03b21, PPAR\u03b3, and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Notably, both compounds C1 and C2 were highly affined towards TR\u03b21 (\u22127.8 and \u22127.6 kcal\/mol), which is attributed to interactions in the active site through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic responses, which means that the identified compounds were found to have good predicted interactions with some metabolic- and thyroid-associated targets and could be used to form preliminary hypotheses for further mechanistic studies. The in vivo data showed that the disease-induced groups were marked by hyperglycemia, imbalance in thyroid hormones, and dyslipidemia, as well as liver, kidney, and heart dysfunction. BFE caused significant decreases in these changes, which were also observed through improvements in fasting blood glucose, T3, T4, and TSH; partial restoration of lipid profiles; and dampening of liver and kidney injury signalers. The cardiac risk indices were also reduced significantly after BFE administration. Positive changes in body weight gain, feed ratio, and metabolic ratio further reflected better physiological stability. Results: These findings were corroborated by histopathological analysis, which showed that the tissue architecture of the pancreas, liver, kidney, and heart had significantly recovered in the study. BFE still showed constant therapeutic activity even though the magnitude of response was attenuated when combined disease conditions were used. Conclusions: Comprehensively, the results indicate that BFE potentially plays a role in the amelioration of metabolic and endocrine abnormalities of diabetic and hypothyroid conditions. These observations should be regarded as hypothesis-generating, as further mechanistic and translational studies are needed to substantiate their biological relevance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18121931","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T15:00:48Z","timestamp":1781535648000},"page":"1931","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Integrative In Silico and Experimental Evaluation of Borassus flabellifer Immature Endosperm for Dual Modulation of Diabetes and Hypothyroidism"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9146-3929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaikh Shahinur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacognosy and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Applied Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9810-5611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Rakibul Hasan","family":"Rahat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anuwatchakij","family":"Klamrak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacognosy and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9247-809X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Rasul","family":"Karim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7508-5672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muzahid","family":"Fahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. Imtiajul","family":"Haque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9536-454X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arafat Bin","family":"Muhammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sinthia Doly","family":"Shurmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akbor","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joy","family":"Baisnab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shakh M. A.","family":"Rouf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yutthakan","family":"Saengkun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacognosy and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jureerut","family":"Daduang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2672-7710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sakda","family":"Daduang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacognosy and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"},{"name":"Protein and Proteomics Research Center for Commercial and Industrial Purposes (ProCCI), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaker, L., Ligthart, S., Korevaar, T.I., Hofman, A., Franco, O.H., Peeters, R.P., and Dehghan, A. 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