{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T10:57:40Z","timestamp":1781780260255,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health RC2026"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Exercise is increasingly recognized as a modulator of host\u2013microbiome interactions, yet its role in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) remains poorly characterized. Methods: In this prospective, single-arm, before-and-after interventional study, we used an integrated multi-omics approach based on metataxonomics and metabolomics to assess the effects of a structured 12-week moderate aerobic exercise program in 80 patients with mild-to-moderate IBS, stratified by Global Physical Capacity Score (GPCS). Biochemical and inflammatory markers have been gathered. Results: Exercise did not alter overall microbial diversity but selectively enriched short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing taxa and remodeled the volatile organic compound (VOC) profile toward a more efficient metabolic state. Notably, conventional biochemical and inflammatory markers failed to distinguish response subgroups, whereas GPCS stratification revealed distinct microbial and metabolomic trajectories. Individuals with higher baseline physical capacity had higher acetate levels and lower levels of VOCs associated with dysbiosis and oxidative stress. Conclusions: Our results suggest that baseline physical capacity is a primary determinant of the microbiome\u2019s responsiveness to exercise, challenging the reliance on static biochemical profiling. Despite the lack of a control group and the exploratory nature of some metabolomic signals, this study provides a framework for precision exercise interventions in IBS. Our work identifies GPCS as a clinically relevant stratification tool. The full trial protocol is registered on ClinicalTrials.gov under the identifier NCT05453084.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18121972","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T10:25:34Z","timestamp":1781778334000},"page":"1972","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["GPCS Stratification of Exercise-Induced Gut Microbiota and Metabolome Remodeling in IBS: An Exploratory Multi-Omics Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0176-7046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco Maria","family":"Calabrese","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9319-5422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonella","family":"Bianco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Movement and Wellness, National Institute of Gastroenterology IRCCS \u201cSaverio de Bellis\u201d, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2742-388X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margherita","family":"Chiarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5311-2829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Prospero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Movement and Wellness, National Institute of Gastroenterology IRCCS \u201cSaverio de Bellis\u201d, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3697-0127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabella","family":"Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Group, National Institute of Gastroenterology IRCCS \u201cSaverio de Bellis\u201d, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Bernardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3805-7681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Celano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2500-8650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Calasso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1800-4830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Riezzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Group, National Institute of Gastroenterology IRCCS \u201cSaverio de Bellis\u201d, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Verrelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Movement and Wellness, National Institute of Gastroenterology IRCCS \u201cSaverio de Bellis\u201d, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5416-3521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benedetta","family":"D\u2019Attoma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Group, National Institute of Gastroenterology IRCCS \u201cSaverio de Bellis\u201d, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonia","family":"Ignazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Group, National Institute of Gastroenterology IRCCS \u201cSaverio de Bellis\u201d, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4898-9850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen Aurora","family":"Apa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianluigi","family":"Giannelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Direction, National Institute of Gastroenterology IRCCS \u201cSaverio de Bellis\u201d, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2010-884X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"De Angelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0538-6072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Group, National Institute of Gastroenterology IRCCS \u201cSaverio de Bellis\u201d, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.04.014","article-title":"Worldwide Prevalence and Burden of Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders, Results of Rome Foundation Global Study","volume":"160","author":"Sperber","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-0286-8","article-title":"Global Burden of Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Trends, Predictions and Risk Factors","volume":"17","author":"Black","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16014","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.14","article-title":"Irritable Bowel Syndrome","volume":"2","author":"Enck","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.03.049","article-title":"Gut Microbiota in Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome\u2014A Systematic Review","volume":"157","author":"Pittayanon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665120006916","article-title":"SCFA: Mechanisms and Functional Importance in the Gut","volume":"80","author":"Marinelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-020-06109-5","article-title":"Microbiome and Its Role in Irritable Bowel Syndrome","volume":"65","author":"Pimentel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-324598","article-title":"British Society of Gastroenterology Guidelines on the Management of Irritable Bowel Syndrome","volume":"70","author":"Vasant","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41395-018-0084-x","article-title":"American College of Gastroenterology Monograph on Management of Irritable Bowel Syndrome","volume":"113","author":"Ford","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2010.480","article-title":"Physical Activity Improves Symptoms in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"106","author":"Johannesson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1038600","article-title":"The Effects of Exercise upon Symptoms and Quality of Life in Patients Diagnosed with Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Randomised Controlled Trial","volume":"29","author":"Daley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1249\/JES.0000000000000183","article-title":"Exercise and the Gut Microbiome: A Review of the Evidence, Potential Mechanisms, and Implications for Human Health","volume":"47","author":"Mailing","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clauss, M., G\u00e9rard, P., Mosca, A., and Leclerc, M. (2021). Interplay Between Exercise and Gut Microbiome in the Context of Human Health and Performance. Front. Nutr., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.637010"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2013-306541","article-title":"Exercise and Associated Dietary Extremes Impact on Gut Microbial Diversity","volume":"63","author":"Clarke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001495","article-title":"Exercise Alters Gut Microbiota Composition and Function in Lean and Obese Humans","volume":"50","author":"Allen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bianco, A., Russo, F., Franco, I., Riezzo, G., Donghia, R., Curci, R., Bonfiglio, C., Prospero, L., D\u2019Attoma, B., and Ignazzi, A. (2023). Enhanced Physical Capacity and Gastrointestinal Symptom Improvement in Southern Italian IBS Patients Following Three Months of Moderate Aerobic Exercise. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12216786"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riezzo, G., Prospero, L., D\u2019Attoma, B., Ignazzi, A., Bianco, A., Franco, I., Curci, R., Campanella, A., Bonfiglio, C., and Osella, A.R. (2023). The Impact of a Twelve-Week Moderate Aerobic Exercise Program on Gastrointestinal Symptom Profile and Psychological Well-Being of Irritable Bowel Syndrome Patients: Preliminary Data from a Southern Italy Cohort. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12165359"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Russo, F., Bianco, A., Prospero, L., Laselva, G., Grasso, M., D\u2019Attoma, B., Verrelli, N., Ignazzi, A., Franco, I., and Goscilo, F. (2025). Physical Capacity Modulates Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction in Functional Disorders: Phenotype-Specific Patterns in Fibromyalgia and Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Front. Physiol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2025.1695163"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verrelli, N., Bonfiglio, C., Franco, I., Bagnato, C.B., Stabile, D., Shahini, E., and Bianco, A. (2025). The Role of Global Physical Capacity Score in Key Parameters of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD). J. Clin. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14113821"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1024694","article-title":"A 2-Km Walking Test for Assessing the Cardiorespiratory Fitness of Healthy Adults","volume":"12","author":"Oja","year":"1991","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1754.1979.tb01200.x","article-title":"A Portable Hand-Grip Dynamometer","volume":"15","author":"Pearn","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Paediatr. Child. Health"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.1992.10607580","article-title":"A Comparison of the Sit and Reach and the Modified Sit and Reach in the Measurement of Flexibility in Women","volume":"63","author":"Hoeger","year":"1992","journal-title":"Res. Q. Exerc. Sport"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1097\/gme.0b013e31817dacf7","article-title":"Impact of Resistance Training with or without Caloric Restriction on Physical Capacity in Obese Older Women","volume":"16","author":"Bouchard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0209-9","article-title":"Reproducible, Interactive, Scalable and Extensible Microbiome Data Science Using QIIME 2","volume":"37","author":"Bolyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calabrese, F.M., Celano, G., Bonfiglio, C., Campanella, A., Franco, I., Annunziato, A., Giannelli, G., Osella, A.R., and De Angelis, M. (2023). Synergistic Effect of Diet and Physical Activity on a NAFLD Cohort: Metabolomics Profile and Clinical Variable Evaluation. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15112457"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-016-0189-7","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory Fitness as a Predictor of Intestinal Microbial Diversity and Distinct Metagenomic Functions","volume":"4","author":"Estaki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bressa, C., Bail\u00e9n-Andrino, M., P\u00e9rez-Santiago, J., Gonz\u00e1lez-Soltero, R., P\u00e9rez, M., Montalvo-Lominchar, M.G., Mat\u00e9-Mu\u00f1oz, J.L., Dom\u00ednguez, R., Moreno, D., and Larrosa, M. (2017). Differences in Gut Microbiota Profile between Women with Active Lifestyle and Sedentary Women. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171352"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-020-00353-w","article-title":"The Athletic Gut Microbiota","volume":"17","author":"Mohr","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-019-0704-8","article-title":"Macronutrient Metabolism by the Human Gut Microbiome: Major Fermentation by-Products and Their Impact on Host Health","volume":"7","author":"Oliphant","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-019-0689-3","article-title":"Systematic Assessment of Secondary Bile Acid Metabolism in Gut Microbes Reveals Distinct Metabolic Capabilities in Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"7","author":"Heinken","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Snodgrass, J.L., and Velayudhan, B.T. (2026). Butyrate-Producing Bacteria as a Keystone Species of the Gut Microbiome: A Systemic Review of Dietary Impact on Gut\u2013Brain and Host Health. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27031289"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, V., Lee, G., Son, H., Koh, H., Kim, E.S., Unno, T., and Shin, J.-H. (2023). Butyrate Producers, \u201cThe Sentinel of Gut\u201d: Their Intestinal Significance with and beyond Butyrate, and Prospective Use as Microbial Therapeutics. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1103836"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rivi\u00e8re, A., Selak, M., Lantin, D., Leroy, F., and De Vuyst, L. (2016). Bifidobacteria and Butyrate-Producing Colon Bacteria: Importance and Strategies for Their Stimulation in the Human Gut. Front. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00979"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v17.i12.1519","article-title":"Potential Beneficial Effects of Butyrate in Intestinal and Extraintestinal Diseases","volume":"17","author":"Canani","year":"2011","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, X., Wang, Y., and Yang, Y. (2024). Impact of Pediococcus Pentosaceus YF01 on the Exercise Capacity of Mice through the Regulation of Oxidative Stress and Alteration of Gut Microbiota. Front. Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1421209"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cronin, P., Joyce, S.A., O\u2019Toole, P.W., and O\u2019Connor, E.M. (2021). Dietary Fibre Modulates the Gut Microbiota. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13051655"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0272-x","article-title":"Interactions between Roseburia Intestinalis and Diet Modulate Atherogenesis in a Murine Model","volume":"3","author":"Kasahara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nie, K., Ma, K., Luo, W., Shen, Z., Yang, Z., Xiao, M., Tong, T., Yang, Y., and Wang, X. (2021). Roseburia Intestinalis: A Beneficial Gut Organism From the Discoveries in Genus and Species. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.757718"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2057778","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2022.2057778","article-title":"A dietary carbohydrate\u2014gut Parasutterella\u2014human fatty acid biosynthesis metabolic axis in obesity and type 2 diabetes","volume":"14","author":"Henneke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vacca, M., Celano, G., Calabrese, F.M., Portincasa, P., Gobbetti, M., and De Angelis, M. (2020). The Controversial Role of Human Gut Lachnospiraceae. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8040573"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1159\/000441768","article-title":"Reduced Abundance of Butyrate-Producing Bacteria Species in the Fecal Microbial Community in Crohn\u2019s Disease","volume":"93","author":"Takahashi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-018-0248-8","article-title":"Role of Gut Microbiota-Generated Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Metabolic and Cardiovascular Health","volume":"7","author":"Chambers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Nutr. Rep."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-101721-062818","article-title":"Immune-Epithelial Cross Talk in Regeneration and Repair","volume":"41","author":"Konieczny","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"6","article-title":"Position Statement. Part One: Immune Function and Exercise","volume":"17","author":"Walsh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exerc. Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e653","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000461","article-title":"Importance of Assessing Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Clinical Practice: A Case for Fitness as a Clinical Vital Sign: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association","volume":"134","author":"Ross","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Prakash, Y.S. (2012). Lack of Exercise is a Major Cause of Chronic Diseases. Comprehensive Physiology, Wiley."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/12\/1972\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T10:39:27Z","timestamp":1781779167000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/12\/1972"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["nu18121972"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu18121972","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]}}}