{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:27:08Z","timestamp":1785421628587,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":127,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021R1A2C3005801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1A2C3005801"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2710103551"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2710103551"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2021R1A2C3005801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1A2C3005801"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/013aysd81","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2710103551"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2710103551"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/013aysd81","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Declines of skeletal muscle mass and functions are implicated in the progression of various clinical conditions such as cancers, obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes, and osteoporosis. While no effective and safe drugs against muscle wasting, such as sarcopenia and disease-associated cachexia, have been discovered, it is well documented that dietary essential amino acids (EAAs) or high-quality protein work synergistically to enhance the anabolic effect of resistance exercise training (RT), leading to gains in muscle mass, strength, and muscle quality. Dietary EAAs serve as precursors and signaling molecules for the synthesis of new muscle proteins (both contractile and mitochondrial) and stimulate neuromuscular junction remodeling. Furthermore, EAAs consumed in the post-absorptive state improve endurance capacity via stimulation of mitochondrial biogenesis (independent of PGC1-\u03b1) and mitochondrial dynamics (mitochondrial protein synthesis and fission). Here, we discuss (1) traditional molecular mechanisms regulating the muscle proteome through constant turnover (synthesis and breakdown), (2) novel mechanisms by which dietary supplementation of EAAs during RT simultaneously improves muscle strength and endurance, (3) stable isotope tracer methodologies that enable understanding of the dynamic muscle proteome and accurate assessment of functional muscle mass, and finally, (4) clinical implications of combined EAA and RT interventions in the context of muscle and metabolic dysfunction, including sarcopenia, cachexia, obesity, and chronic disease. Collectively, current evidence underscores the potential of balanced EAAs, particularly when combined with resistance training, as a safe, effective, and translationally relevant nutritional strategy to preserve and enhance muscle and metabolic health across healthy and clinical populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18121990","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T13:04:04Z","timestamp":1781874244000},"page":"1990","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Balanced Essential Amino Acids as Synergistic Therapeutic Agents in Resistance Training: Mechanistic and Clinical Perspectives on Muscle and Metabolic Health"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Jiwoong","family":"Jang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrative Metabolic Fluxomics Lab, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Division of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert R.","family":"Wolfe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatrics, Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6314-2415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Il-Young","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrative Metabolic Fluxomics Lab, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Division of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-014-9915-y","article-title":"Skeletal Muscle: A Brief Review of Structure and Function","volume":"96","author":"Frontera","year":"2015","journal-title":"Calcif. 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