{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T15:05:11Z","timestamp":1785423911141,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":304,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III through the Fondo de Investigaci\u00f3n para la Salud","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CIBEROBN CB12\/03\/30038 58"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIBEROBN CB12\/03\/30038 58"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["CIBEROBN CB12\/03\/30038 58"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIBEROBN CB12\/03\/30038 58"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ca2c886","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01rkhv978","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"IDISBA"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/037xbgq12","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011033","name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RED2022-134800-T"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RED2022-134800-T"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011033","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["RED2022-134800-T"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RED2022-134800-T"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05r0vyz12","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Obesity is a multifactorial metabolic disorder characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, lipotoxicity, dysregulated adipogenesis, and alterations in the gut microbiota, which collectively contribute to insulin resistance and cardiometabolic complications. In this context, dietary patterns rich in bioactive compounds have gained relevance as potential strategies to modulate these interconnected pathways. Objective: To assess the potential of the Milpa Diet (a sustainable, plant-dominant Mesoamerican eating pattern centered on the ancient three sisters\u2019 polyculture of maize, beans, and squash, along with chili) as a culturally relevant, multi-axis functional dietary pattern, and to evaluate the molecular mechanisms underlying obesity-associated with metabolic dysfunction. Methods: A scoping review of preclinical and clinical studies was conducted using Medline via PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. The ChEMBL database was also used to identify chemical structures. The search focused on evidence related to inflammation, oxidative stress, adipogenesis, lipotoxicity, mitochondrial function, and gut microbiota modulation in the context of the main foods of the Milpa Diet, including maize, legumes, chili peppers, nopal, and quelites. Studies were selected based on peer-review status and their relevance to molecular, metabolic, and functional outcomes. Results: The current evidence shows that the core components of the Milpa Diet provide dietary fiber and a broad range of bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids, carotenoids, capsaicinoids, phenolic acids, pigments, and vitamins, which exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. These compounds have been associated with modulation of adipogenesis and lipotoxicity, preservation of mitochondrial function, and favorable regulation of gut microbiota composition and activity, collectively influencing metabolic pathways relevant to obesity. Conclusions: Overall, mechanistic and emerging clinical evidence suggests that the Milpa Diet represents a multi-axis nutritional strategy with potential to mitigate obesity-related metabolic dysfunction through coordinated effects on inflammation, oxidative stress, adipogenesis, lipotoxicity, mitochondrial function, and gut microbiota regulation. Although comprehensive clinical trials evaluating this dietary pattern as an integrated intervention remain limited, current evidence supports its relevance for future translational research, public health strategies, and the development of sustainable dietary models aimed at improving metabolic health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18121991","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T13:04:04Z","timestamp":1781874244000},"page":"1991","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multi-Axis Functional Mechanisms of the Milpa Diet in Obesity: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5017-200X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josu\u00e9","family":"Ramos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Nutrition Laboratory and Food Safety Control, Faculty of Public Health and Nutrition, Autonomous University of Nuevo Le\u00f3n, 66455 San Nicol\u00e1s de Los Garza, Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9835-1594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rogelio","family":"Salas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Nutrition Laboratory and Food Safety Control, Faculty of Public Health and Nutrition, Autonomous University of Nuevo Le\u00f3n, 66455 San Nicol\u00e1s de Los Garza, Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4740-7649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Salazar-Guerrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Nutrition Laboratory and Food Safety Control, Faculty of Public Health and Nutrition, Autonomous University of Nuevo Le\u00f3n, 66455 San Nicol\u00e1s de Los Garza, Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6271-3204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jimena","family":"Gaspar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Yucat\u00e1n, 97000 M\u00e9rida, Yucat\u00e1n, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirna E.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Nutrition Laboratory and Food Safety Control, Faculty of Public Health and Nutrition, Autonomous University of Nuevo Le\u00f3n, 66455 San Nicol\u00e1s de Los Garza, Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5549-3322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelo","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Salazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Nutrition Laboratory and Food Safety Control, Faculty of Public Health and Nutrition, Autonomous University of Nuevo Le\u00f3n, 66455 San Nicol\u00e1s de Los Garza, Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3534-1588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group on Community Nutrition & Oxidative Stress, University of the Balearic Islands-IUNICS, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red Fisiopatolog\u00eda de la Obesidad y la Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0954-039X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"R\u00f3denas-Munar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research 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