{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T06:48:47Z","timestamp":1782197327192,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a prevalent disease worldwide that increases the risk of cardiovascular (CV) complications, disability and mortality. While excessive alcohol consumption is harmful, the effects of moderate wine consumption remain debated. This review evaluates whether moderate wine intake affects the risk of developing T2D and its impact on subjects with T2D. Twenty-eight studies were analysed. Evidence suggests an association between moderate wine consumption and the risk of developing T2D, with a J-shaped relationship, and reduced risk observed at low levels. This effect appears more pronounced with red wine, likely related to its higher polyphenol content, and when consumed with meals. On the other side, in patients with T2D, moderate wine consumption has been associated with a reduced risk of CV complications, nephropathy and mortality. It has also been linked to improved lipid profiles and reduced inflammatory markers, without adversely affecting body weight or glycaemic control in well-managed patients. These effects may be enhanced within a Mediterranean dietary pattern, suggesting synergistic actions. However, alcohol intake may increase the risk of hypoglycemia, particularly in patients receiving glucose-lowering therapies. It should be avoided by vulnerable individuals, and those with comorbidities such as MASLD and other significant liver diseases, peripheral neuropathy or other severe conditions. In conclusion, moderate wine consumption may be associated with a reduction in the risk of developing T2D and with several CV benefits in patients with T2D. Vulnerable patients should abstain and individuals who currently do not drink alcohol should not start drinking. If wine is consumed, intake should always remain moderate (as low as possible), within healthy meals and only after individual clinical assessment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18122006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T06:13:37Z","timestamp":1782195217000},"page":"2006","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of Moderate Wine Consumption on Type 2 Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Attilio","family":"Giacosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Italian Diagnostic Center (CDI), 20147 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8612-9889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josep","family":"Masip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Direction, Consorci Sanitari Integral, University of Barcelona, 08906 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8965-3451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ursula","family":"Fradera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wine Information Council, 1040 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramon","family":"Estruch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, August Pi Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Recerca en Nutrici\u00f3 i Seguretat Alimentaria (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, 08921 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red Fisiopatolog\u00eda de la Obesidad y la Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8336-4851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariangela","family":"Rondanelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration, Sarwar, N., Gao, P., Seshasai, S.R., Gobin, R., Kaptoge, S., Di Angelantonio, E., Ingelsson, E., Lawlor, D.A., and Selvin, E. 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