{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:37:29Z","timestamp":1785411449408,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["RD21\/0016\/0018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD21\/0016\/0018"]}]},{"award":["RD21\/0016\/0018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD21\/0016\/0018"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ca2c886","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European Union\u2013Next Generation EU, Recovery and Resilience Facility"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019w4f821","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI25\/00071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI25\/00071"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["PI25\/00071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI25\/00071"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ca2c886","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Government of Castilla y Le\u00f3n","award":["GRS 2976\/C\/2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRS 2976\/C\/2024"]}]},{"name":"Government of Castilla y Le\u00f3n","award":["GRS 3007\/C\/2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRS 3007\/C\/2024"]}]},{"name":"Government of Castilla y Le\u00f3n","award":["GRS 2714\/C\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRS 2714\/C\/2023"]}]},{"name":"Government of Castilla y Le\u00f3n","award":["GRS 2501\/B\/22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRS 2501\/B\/22"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100032379","name":"Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["IBYAP23_00001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IBYAP23_00001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100032379","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"area of Respiratory Diseases","award":["CIBER CB22\/06\/00035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIBER CB22\/06\/00035"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Long COVID (LC) has been associated with persistent endothelial dysfunction and vascular impairment. Although nutrition is a key modifiable determinant of cardiovascular health, the relationship between dietary macronutrient intake and vascular alterations in LC remains poorly understood. Objective: To evaluate the association between dietary macronutrient intake and markers of vascular structure, arterial stiffness, and vascular aging in patients with LC, including potential sex differences. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study including 304 patients with LC. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated 7-day dietary record (EVIDENT study). Vascular evaluation included carotid intima\u2013media thickness (cIMT), carotid\u2013femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV), brachial\u2013ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV), cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI), augmentation index adjusted to a heart rate of 75 beats per minute (AIx@75), and vascular aging index (VAI), measured using carotid ultrasound and validated devices (SphygmoCor\u00ae and VaSera\u00ae). Results: The mean age was 53 \u00b1 12, higher in men (p = 0.001). The study included 207 women (68%) and 97 men (32%). Energy intake and carbohydrate intake in g\/day showed a negative association with cfPWV in Model 2 (energy intake: \u03b2 = \u22120.06; 95% CI: \u22120.11 to \u22120.01; p = 0.02; carbohydrate intake: \u03b2 = \u22120.47; 95% CI: \u22120.87 to \u22120.07; p = 0.02). The percentage of carbohydrate\/total energy intake was positively associated with AIx@75 in Model 2 (\u03b2 = 0.8; 95% CI 0.12 to 1.49; p = 0.02), and percentage of fat\/total energy intake showed a consistent inverse association (\u03b2 = \u22120.30; 95% CI: \u22120.49 to \u22120.11; p = 0.002). No significant associations were observed for cIMT, baPWV, CAVI or VAI. Conclusions: In patients with LC, total energy intake and absolute carbohydrate intake were negatively associated with cfPWV, whereas the relative contribution of carbohydrates and fats to total energy intake showed divergent associations with AIx@75. These findings suggest that both absolute macronutrient intake and relative macronutrient distribution may be related to central arterial stiffness and wave reflection parameters LC. However, given the cross-sectional design of the study, these results should be interpreted as exploratory and do not allow causal inference. Further longitudinal and interventional studies are needed to confirm these findings and to assess whether nutritional strategies may contribute to modulating vascular risk in this population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18122028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T06:13:37Z","timestamp":1782195217000},"page":"2028","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dietary Macronutrient Intake and Vascular Health in Patients with Long COVID: The BioICOPER Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2578-3561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuria","family":"Su\u00e1rez-Moreno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Care Research Unit of Salamanca (APISAL), Avd. Portugal, 37005 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biomedico de Salamanca (IBSAL), Paseo de San Vicente, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca, 28046 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Servicio de Salud de Castilla y Leon\u2014SACYL, Servicio Regional de Salud, 37005 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3192-4092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Navarro-Mat\u00edas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Care Research Unit of Salamanca (APISAL), Avd. Portugal, 37005 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biomedico de Salamanca (IBSAL), Paseo de San Vicente, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca, 28046 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Servicio de Salud de Castilla y Leon\u2014SACYL, Servicio Regional de Salud, 37005 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Red de Investigaci\u00f3n Sobre Cronicidad, Atenci\u00f3n Primaria y Promoci\u00f3n de la Salud (RICAPPS), 37005 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7056-9979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Arroyo-Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Care Research Unit of Salamanca (APISAL), Avd. Portugal, 37005 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biomedico de Salamanca (IBSAL), Paseo de San Vicente, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca, 28046 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Servicio de Salud de Castilla y Leon\u2014SACYL, Servicio Regional de Salud, 37005 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1940-7993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicia","family":"Navarro-C\u00e1ceres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Care Research Unit of Salamanca (APISAL), Avd. Portugal, 37005 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biomedico de Salamanca (IBSAL), Paseo de San Vicente, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca, 28046 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Servicio de Salud de Castilla y Leon\u2014SACYL, Servicio Regional de Salud, 37005 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Dom\u00ednguez-Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Care Research Unit of Salamanca (APISAL), Avd. Portugal, 37005 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biomedico de Salamanca (IBSAL), Paseo de San Vicente, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca, 28046 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Servicio de Salud de Castilla y Leon\u2014SACYL, Servicio Regional de Salud, 37005 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6571-9556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Lugones-Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Care Research Unit of Salamanca (APISAL), Avd. Portugal, 37005 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biomedico de Salamanca (IBSAL), Paseo de San Vicente, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Servicio de Salud de Castilla y Leon\u2014SACYL, Servicio Regional de Salud, 37005 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Red de Investigaci\u00f3n Sobre Cronicidad, Atenci\u00f3n Primaria y Promoci\u00f3n de la Salud (RICAPPS), 37005 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susana","family":"Gonzalez-Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Care Research Unit of Salamanca (APISAL), Avd. Portugal, 37005 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biomedico de Salamanca (IBSAL), Paseo de San Vicente, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Red de Investigaci\u00f3n Sobre Cronicidad, Atenci\u00f3n Primaria y Promoci\u00f3n de la Salud (RICAPPS), 37005 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0133-6123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel A.","family":"G\u00f3mez-Marcos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Care Research Unit of Salamanca (APISAL), Avd. 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