{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T05:45:40Z","timestamp":1782539140161,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The rising prevalence of neurodevelopmental, emotional, and behavioral disorders in children has prompted interest in dietary strategies that target neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and gut dysbiosis. Blueberries (Vaccinium spp.) contain substantial amounts of anthocyanins and other neuroactive polyphenols that may confer neuroprotective effects. We summarize the literature published between 2016 and 2025 to examine how the bioactives in blueberries affect symptoms relevant to children with diagnosed neurodevelopmental or emotional\u2013behavioral disorders, including ADHD, mood problems, and cognitive difficulties. Mechanistically, anthocyanins appear to modulate gut microbial composition, modulate neuroinflammation and alleviate oxidative stress via the Nrf2 pathway, and support synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis. Clinical trials, although limited in number and sample size, have reported modest improvements in mood and verbal memory in typically developing children and adolescents, with some gains in attention and executive function. However, direct trials in children with diagnosed neurodevelopmental or emotional\u2013behavioral conditions remain scarce. There are substantial hurdles to translating these findings. Anthocyanins have poor physicochemical stability and low bioavailability, and routine food processing degrades their activity. Emerging solutions such as green extraction from agricultural by-products, colon-targeted microencapsulation, and zero-waste engineering could address these limitations. Rigorous randomized controlled trials in children with diagnosed neurodevelopmental or emotional\u2013behavioral disorders are essential, as are advances in food engineering. Both are needed to move blueberry-based interventions from the laboratory to application.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18132039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T08:19:52Z","timestamp":1782202792000},"page":"2039","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Blueberry Bioactives as Adjunctive Nutritional Strategies for Pediatric Neurodevelopmental and Emotional\u2013Behavioral Health: Mechanisms, Evidence, and Translational Challenges"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Lina","family":"Fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Special Education College, Changchun University, Changchun 130022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuwei","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Innovation Science and Technology, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Innovation Science and Technology, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032, China"},{"name":"School of Life Science, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunmei","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Innovation Science and Technology, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032, China"},{"name":"School of Life Science, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3096-9457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunting","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Innovation Science and Technology, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032, China"},{"name":"School of Life Science, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tong","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Special Education College, Changchun University, Changchun 130022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongfang","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Innovation Science and Technology, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6477-6479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Innovation Science and Technology, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032, China"},{"name":"School of Life Science, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E96","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd21.240142","article-title":"Trends in mental, behavioral, and developmental disorders among children and adolescents in the US, 2016\u20132021","volume":"21","author":"Leeb","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prev. Chronic Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heslon, K., Hanson, J.H., and Ogourtsova, T. (2024). Mental health in children with disabilities and their families: Red flags, services\u2019 impact, facilitators, barriers, and proposed solutions. Front. Rehabil. Sci., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fresc.2024.1347412"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1542\/hpeds.2020-0182","article-title":"Most children with medical complexity do not receive care in well-functioning health care systems","volume":"11","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hosp. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnu.2021.10.008","article-title":"Global prevalence of unmet need for mental health care among adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"36","author":"Ghafari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Psychiat Nurs."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.3390\/dietetics3030023","article-title":"The Impacts of Dietary Intervention on Brain Metabolism and Neurological Disorders: A Narrative Review","volume":"3","author":"Rathor","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dietetics"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmz065","article-title":"Recent research on the health benefits of blueberries and their anthocyanins","volume":"11","author":"Kalt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Advin Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10832","DOI":"10.1021\/jf072529m","article-title":"Saskatoon and wild blueberries have higher anthocyanin contents than other Manitoba berries","volume":"55","author":"Hosseinian","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s43555-024-00040-w","article-title":"Bioactive Compounds in Blueberry Fruit and Their Antidiabetic Activity","volume":"2","author":"Sharma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Food Sci. Technol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.139483","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of berry fruits on neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"9","author":"Subash","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaa, C.A., Marcelo, \u00c1.J., An, Z., Medina-Franco, J.L., and Velasco-Vel\u00e1zquez, M.A. (2023). Anthocyanins: Molecular aspects on their neuroprotective activity. Biomolecules, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13111598"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khalid, S., Barfoot, K.L., May, G., Lamport, D.J., Reynolds, S.A., and Williams, C.M. (2017). Effects of acute blueberry flavonoids on mood in children and young adults. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9020158"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.04.001","article-title":"The effect of blueberry interventions on cognitive performance and mood: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"85","author":"Travica","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhong, H., Xu, J., Yang, M., Hussain, M., Liu, X., Feng, F., and Guan, R. (2023). Protective effect of anthocyanins against neurodegenerative diseases through the microbial-intestinal-brain axis: A critical review. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15030496"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, L., Sun, Z., Zeng, Y., Luo, M., and Yang, J. (2018). Molecular mechanism and health role of functional ingredients in blueberry for chronic disease in human beings. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19092785"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mattioli, R., Francioso, A., Mosca, L., and Silva, P. (2020). Anthocyanins: A comprehensive review of their chemical properties and health effects on cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25173809"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1177\/18785093241301881","article-title":"A comprehensive review on neurotrophic receptors and their implications in brain health: Exploring the neuroprotective potential of berries","volume":"15","author":"Singh","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Berry Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venter, C., Boden, S., Pickett-Nairne, K., O\u2019Mahony, L., Glime, G.N., Matzeller, K.L., and Tang, M. (2025). Blueberry Consumption in Early Life and Its Effects on Allergy, Immune Biomarkers, and Their Association with the Gut Microbiome. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17172795"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Lan, W., and Chen, D. (2024). Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) Anthocyanins and Their Functions, Stability, Bioavailability, and Applications. Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13172851"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salehi, B., Sharifi-Rad, J., Cappellini, F., Reiner, \u017d., Zorzan, D., Imran, M., and Maroyi, A. (2020). The therapeutic potential of anthocyanins: Current approaches based on their molecular mechanism of action. Front. Pharmacol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.01300"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.12944\/CRNFSJ.13.Special-Issue-July.06","article-title":"Molecular and Functional Aspects of Anthocyanins: A Narrative Review on Their Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Mechanism","volume":"13","author":"Ghosh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Nutr. Food Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Visternicu, M., Rarinca, V., Burlui, V., Halitchi, G., Ciobic\u0103, A., Singeap, A.M., and Trifan, A. (2024). Investigating the impact of nutrition and oxidative stress on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202407.1990.v1"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bellavite, P. (2023). Neuroprotective potentials of flavonoids: Experimental studies and mechanisms of action. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12020280"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giacalone, M., Di Sacco, F., Traupe, I., Pagnucci, N., Forfori, F., and Giunta, F. (2015). Blueberry polyphenols and neuroprotection. Bioactive Nutraceuticals and Dietary Supplements in Neurological and Brain Disease, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-411462-3.00002-3"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H., Xiao, C., Wang, F., Guo, X., Zhou, Z., and Jiang, Y. (2023). Blueberry\u2013mulberry extract alleviates cognitive impairment, regulates gut metabolites, and inhibits inflammation in aged mice. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12040860"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.12582","article-title":"A systematic literature review of the effect of anthocyanins on gut microbiota populations","volume":"32","author":"Igwe","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hum. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4263","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-021-02588-y","article-title":"Effects of daily consumption of wild blueberry on cognition and urinary metabolites in school-aged children: A pilot study","volume":"60","author":"Barfoot","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110885","article-title":"Anti-adhesive activity of a Vaccinium corymbosum polyphenolic extract targeting intestinal colonization by Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"132","author":"Gato","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horasan Sagbasan, B., Williams, C.M., Bell, L., Barfoot, K.L., Poveda, C., and Walton, G.E. (2024). Inulin and freeze-dried blueberry intervention lead to changes in the microbiota and metabolites within in vitro studies and in cognitive function within a small pilot trial on healthy children. Microorganisms, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12071501"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewandowska-Pietruszka, Z., Figlerowicz, M., and Mazur-Melewska, K. (2023). Microbiota in autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242316660"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serra, D., Henriques, J.F., Sousa, F.J., Laranjo, M., Resende, R., Ferreira-Marques, M., and Almeida, L.M. (2022). Attenuation of autism-like behaviors by an anthocyanin-rich extract from portuguese blueberries via microbiota\u2013gut\u2013brain axis modulation in a valproic acid mouse model. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23169259"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Y., Zhao, S., Zhang, M., Xiang, M., Zhao, J., Chen, S., and Ran, J. (2022). Prevalence of neurodevelopmental disorders among US children and adolescents in 2019 and 2020. Front. Psychol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.997648"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuaf188","article-title":"Effects of dietary flavonoids on mood and mental health: A systematic review","volume":"84","author":"Colombage","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venable, K.E., Lee, C.C., and Francis, J. (2024). Addressing mental health in rural settings: A narrative review of blueberry supplementation as a natural intervention. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16203539"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-015-1029-4","article-title":"Cognitive effects following acute wild blueberry supplementation in 7-to 10-year-old children","volume":"55","author":"Whyte","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2911","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-018-1843-6","article-title":"The effects of acute wild blueberry supplementation on the cognition of 7\u201310-year-old schoolchildren","volume":"58","author":"Barfoot","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1080\/09637486.2020.1852192","article-title":"Blueberry benefits to cognitive function across the lifespan","volume":"72","author":"Bell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Whyte, A.R., Cheng, N., Fromentin, E., and Williams, C.M. (2018). A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study to compare the safety and efficacy of low dose enhanced wild blueberry powder and wild blueberry extract (ThinkBlue\u2122) in maintenance of episodic and working memory in older adults. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10060660"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3996","DOI":"10.1021\/jf9029332","article-title":"Blueberry supplementation improves memory in older adults","volume":"58","author":"Krikorian","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2014.09.013","article-title":"Effects of a single dose of a flavonoid-rich blueberry drink on memory in 8 to 10 y old children","volume":"31","author":"Whyte","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4793","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO02284H","article-title":"The cognitive effects of an acute wild blueberry intervention on 7-to 10-year-olds using extended memory and executive function task batteries","volume":"11","author":"Whyte","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114520000926","article-title":"Effect of 4 weeks daily wild blueberry supplementation on symptoms of depression in adolescents","volume":"124","author":"Fisk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"May, G. (2021). The Acute and Chronic Effects of a Freeze-Dried Wild Blueberry Powder (253 mg Anthocyanins) on Cognition, Reading Behaviour, and Mood, in Healthy Seven to Ten-Year Olds. [Doctoral Dissertation, University of Reading]."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Q., Han, Y., Dy, A.B.C., and Hagerman, R.J. (2017). The gut microbiota and autism spectrum disorders. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2017.00120"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7563","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2023.2187212","article-title":"Anthocyanins-gut microbiota-health axis: A review","volume":"64","author":"Liang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-36430-z","article-title":"Altered gut microbiota and short chain fatty acids in Chinese children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5821","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-42183-0","article-title":"Long-term benefit of Microbiota Transfer Therapy on autism symptoms and gut microbiota","volume":"9","author":"Kang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000000907","article-title":"Breast milk protects against gastrointestinal symptoms in infants at high risk for autism during early development","volume":"62","author":"Penn","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastr. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Glime, G.N., Matzeller, K.L., Frank, D.N., Kotter, C., Kofonow, J.M., Robertson, C.E., and Tang, M. (2025). Introducing blueberry powder as one of the first complementary foods changes the gut microbiota composition and diversity in US human milk-fed infants: A double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Front. Nutr., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1623521"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.4162\/nrp.2017.11.1.25","article-title":"Protective effects of blueberry drink on cognitive impairment induced by chronic mild stress in adult rats","volume":"11","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"977","article-title":"Blueberries improve neuroinflammation and cognition differentially depending on individual cognitive baseline status","volume":"74","author":"Thangthaeng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Norouzkhani, N., Afshari, S., Sadatmadani, S.F., Mollaqasem, M.M., Mosadeghi, S., Ghadri, H., and Poudineh, M. (2024). Therapeutic potential of berries in age-related neurological disorders. Front. Pharmacol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1348127"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5973","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.7b02136","article-title":"Anthocyanins from black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa Elliot) delayed aging-related degenerative changes of brain","volume":"65","author":"Wei","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2006.05.001","article-title":"Behavioral and genoprotective effects of Vaccinium berries intake in mice","volume":"84","author":"Barros","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2013.12.006","article-title":"Neuroprotective effect of anthocyanins on acetylcholinesterase activity and attenuation of scopolamine-induced amnesia in rats","volume":"33","author":"Gutierres","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7613.99303","article-title":"Antidepressant-like activity of anthocyanidins from Hibiscus rosa-sinensis flowers in tail suspension test and forced swim test","volume":"44","author":"Shewale","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Cheng, N. (2024). The Acute Effects of Wild Blueberry Extract on Cognition in Healthy Older Adults. [Doctoral Dissertation, University of Reading]."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19","DOI":"10.1017\/jns.2018.10","article-title":"Polyphenol-rich extract from grape and blueberry attenuates cognitive decline and improves neuronal function in aged mice","volume":"7","author":"Bensalem","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Amicis, R., Mambrini, S.P., Pellizzari, M., Foppiani, A., Bertoli, S., Battezzati, A., and Leone, A. (2022). Systematic review on the potential effect of berry intake in the cognitive functions of healthy people. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14142977"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krikorian, R., Skelton, M.R., Summer, S.S., Shidler, M.D., and Sullivan, P.G. (2022). Blueberry supplementation in midlife for dementia risk reduction. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14081619"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, T., Bielinski, D.F., Fisher, D.R., Zhang, J., and Shukitt-Hale, B. (2022). Protective effects of a polyphenol-rich blueberry extract on adult human neural progenitor cells. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27196152"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1080\/10284150400020482","article-title":"Modulation of hippocampal plasticity and cognitive behavior by short-term blueberry supplementation in aged rats","volume":"7","author":"Casadesus","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.3390\/nu6010391","article-title":"Recent advances and uses of grape flavonoids as nutraceuticals","volume":"6","author":"Georgiev","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fochx.2021.100149","article-title":"Grape bioactive molecules, and the potential health benefits in reducing the risk of heart diseases","volume":"12","author":"Sabra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem. X"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1186\/s42269-019-0149-z","article-title":"Possible neuromodulating role of different grape (Vitis vinifera L.) derived polyphenols against Alzheimer\u2019s dementia: Treatment and mechanisms","volume":"43","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bull. Natl. Res. Cent."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2014.10.006","article-title":"Roles of resveratrol and other grape-derived polyphenols in Alzheimer\u2019s disease prevention and treatment","volume":"1852","author":"Pasinetti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Yu, W., Zhang, L., Wang, M., and Chang, W. (2022). The interaction of polyphenols and the gut microbiota in neurodegenerative diseases. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14245373"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarubbo, F., Moranta, D., Tejada, S., Jim\u00e9nez, M., and Esteban, S. (2023). Impact of gut microbiota in brain ageing: Polyphenols as beneficial modulators. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12040812"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krikorian, R., Shidler, M.D., and Summer, S.S. (2023). Early intervention in cognitive aging with strawberry supplementation. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15204431"},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Ekathat, T. (2018). Effect of Supplementation of Flavonoid-Rich Fruits on Cognitive Performance and Mood in Children Aged 11\u201313 Years Old. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Reading]."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sivamani, R.K., Chakkalakal, M., Pan, A., Nadora, D., Min, M., Dumont, A., and Chambers, C.J. (2023). Prospective randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of a standardized oral pomegranate extract on the gut microbiome and short-chain fatty acids. Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13010015"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bandow, B., Shaaban, E.S., Rajakaruna, S., Saleh, Z., Abdelaziz, S.A., Hussein, L., and Paliy, O. (2025). Diet Supplementation with Pomegranate Fruit Alters Distal Gut Microbiota of Healthy Female College Students. Microorganisms, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13020305"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"An, L., Lu, Q., Wang, K., and Wang, Y. (2023). Urolithins: A prospective alternative against brain aging. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15183884"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kujawska, M., Jourdes, M., Kurpik, M., Szulc, M., Szaefer, H., Chmielarz, P., and Jodynis-Liebert, J. (2019). Neuroprotective effects of pomegranate juice against Parkinson\u2019s disease and presence of ellagitannins-derived metabolite\u2014Urolithin A\u2014In the brain. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21010202"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2024.104663","article-title":"Impact of pomegranate peel extract on gut microbiota composition and metabolic health parameters in high-fat diet-fed mice","volume":"61","author":"Duarte","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tran, P.H.L., and Tran, T.T.D. (2021). Blueberry Supplementation in Neuronal Health and Protective Technologies for Efficient Delivery of Blueberry Anthocyanins. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11010102"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramzan, R., Muhammad, Z., Amjad, A., Sharif, H.R., Zhang, G., and Chen, A. (2026). Enhanced Bioavailability and Health Benefits of Blueberry Anthocyanins: An Updated Review on Mechanisms and Approaches. Molecules, 31.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31050793"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.2002.tb08701.x","article-title":"Impact of Juice Processing on Blueberry Anthocyanins and Polyphenolics: Comparison of Two Pretreatments","volume":"67","author":"Lee","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41603","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c05749","article-title":"Influence of Different Drying Techniques on the Drying Kinetics, Total Bioactive Compounds, Anthocyanin Profile, Color, and Microstructural Properties of Blueberry Fruit","volume":"8","author":"Akcicek","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2021.11.006","article-title":"Blueberry anthocyanins: An updated review on approaches to enhancing their bioavailability","volume":"118","author":"Chai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uribe, E., Vega-Galvez, A., Pasten, A., Ah-Hen, K.S., Mejias, N., Sep\u00falveda, L., Poblete, J., and Gomez-Perez, L.S. (2024). Drying: A Practical Technology for Blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.)\u2014Processes and their Effects on Selected Health-Promoting Properties. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13121554"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2020.109260","article-title":"Fermented blueberry pomace with antioxidant properties improves fecal microbiota community structure and short chain fatty acids production in an in vitro mode","volume":"125","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-021-00994-w","article-title":"Optimization the extraction of anthocyanins from blueberry residue by dual-aqueous phase method and cell damage protection study","volume":"30","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Sci. Biotechnol."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/13\/2039\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T04:52:58Z","timestamp":1782535978000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/13\/2039"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["nu18132039"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu18132039","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]}}}