{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T18:42:47Z","timestamp":1785436967819,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003069","name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20231221"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20231221"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["20231221"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20231221"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/059sp8j34","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Childhood malnutrition, manifesting as both underweight and obesity, is a global health concern with potential repercussions on neurodevelopment and metabolic health. Objective: To analyze the relationship between nutritional status, metabolic biomarkers, and cognitive performance in school-aged children. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 100 children between 6 and 12 years of age from a public elementary school in the municipality of Chiconcuac de Ju\u00e1rez, Mexico. Participants were categorized according to BMI: underweight (UW), normal weight (NW), overweight (OW), and obesity (OB). Anthropometric evaluation, serum biochemical markers, and three surrogate metabolic indices, namely the Triglyceride\u2013Glucose (TyG), Triglyceride\/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG\/HDL), and TyG-Body Mass Index (TyG-BMI), were calculated. Cognitive performance was assessed using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV). Results: The OB group children showed significantly higher levels of TG, TC and LDL-C, as well as elevated levels of TyG, TG\/HDL and TyG-BMI indices (p &lt; 0.05) and lower HDL-C concentration. While no significant differences were found in Full-Scale IQ (FSIQ), the NW group showed significantly higher performance in the PSI compared to all other groups outside the healthy weight range after FDR correction. Spearman\u2019s correlation showed that surrogate metabolic indices exhibited exclusive negative correlations with the PSI in unadjusted bivariate models. Conclusions: The extremes of the nutritional status spectrum (UW and OB) are concurrently associated with early metabolic alterations and latent cardiovascular risk, while concurrently tracking with lower performance in selective fluid cognitive domains within unadjusted models. Furthermore, surrogate metabolic indices were shown to be valuable tools that co-vary with neurocognitive profiles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18132040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T08:19:52Z","timestamp":1782202792000},"page":"2040","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Associations Between Nutritional Status, Cognitive Performance, and Surrogate Metabolic Profiles in School-Aged Children"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Jessica Jazm\u00edn","family":"Gordillo-Casta\u00f1eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y D\u00edaz Mir\u00f3n s\/n, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen Sina\u00ed","family":"Xicotencatl-Quintero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y D\u00edaz Mir\u00f3n s\/n, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0787-044X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eunice D.","family":"Farf\u00e1n-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academia de Bioqu\u00edmica, Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y D\u00edaz Mir\u00f3n s\/n, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3636-0847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Betsab\u00e9 Jim\u00e9nez","family":"Ceballos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cl\u00ednica de Trastornos del Sue\u00f1o, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa (UAM-I), Av. 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Leyes de Reforma, Iztapalapa, Mexico City 09340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0770-357X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dulce Mar\u00eda","family":"Meneses-Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Noncommunicable Diseases Research Group, Universidad La Salle-M\u00e9xico, Benjam\u00edn Franklin 45, Mexico City 06140, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7298-158X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erick","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y D\u00edaz Mir\u00f3n s\/n, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"},{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Vithas, Grupo Hospitalario Vithas, 28043 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5639-9503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola Berenice","family":"Z\u00e1rate-Segura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Medicina Traslacional, Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y D\u00edaz Mir\u00f3n s\/n, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9366-3211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arely","family":"Vergara-Casta\u00f1eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Promotion and Education for Health and Food Research Group, Universidad La Salle Mexico, Benjamin Franklin 45, Colonia Condesa, Mexico City 06140, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2145-5971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia Erika","family":"Fuentes-Venado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y D\u00edaz Mir\u00f3n s\/n, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"},{"name":"Servicio de Medicina F\u00edsica y Rehabilitaci\u00f3n, Hospital General de Zona No 197, Texcoco 56108, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5210-5395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodolfo","family":"Pinto-Almaz\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y D\u00edaz Mir\u00f3n s\/n, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"},{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Vithas, Grupo Hospitalario Vithas, 28043 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"UNICEF (2026, April 11). 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