{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T16:31:05Z","timestamp":1785429065445,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022R1A2C100399611"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1A2C100399611"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2023-00279932"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00279932"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2025-00553891"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2025-00553891"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2022R1A2C100399611"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1A2C100399611"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/013aysd81","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["RS-2023-00279932"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00279932"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/013aysd81","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["RS-2025-00553891"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2025-00553891"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/013aysd81","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: This study investigated whether meconium microbial profiles differed according to postnatal growth failure (PGF) and whether gestational age (GA)-related microbial maturation patterns appeared to vary according to subsequent growth status. Methods: Meconium samples were collected from 310 neonates born at 22\u201340 weeks of gestation, and 16S rRNA sequencing was conducted. After excluding small-for-gestational-age infants, the analyses included 151 samples from PGF+ infants and 131 samples from PGF\u2212 infants. Microbial composition, alpha and beta diversity were compared according to PGF status. Distance-based redundancy analyses (dbRDA) were conducted to evaluate the independent association between PGF and microbiome composition. Results: The core meconium microbiome differed between groups. PGF+ infants showed a predominance of Proteobacteria (36.60% vs. 27.96%), whereas PGF\u2212 infants had relatively higher abundances of Firmicutes (35.47% vs. 30.64%) and Bacteroidetes (28.96% vs. 26.19%) than PGF+ infants. GA-related microbial maturation patterns also differed between groups. At the genus level, the PGF\u2212 group showed significant positive correlations with GA for Faecalibacterium, Sutterella, Dialister, Megamonas, Escherichia\/Shigella, and Roseburia after false discovery rate correction, whereas no genus-level correlation remained significant in the PGF+ group. Alpha diversity did not differ significantly between groups, whereas beta diversity differed modestly (R2 = 0.0087, p = 0.042). After adjustment for GA and birth weight, the PGF effect remained significant in the Bray\u2013Curtis-based dbRDA model, whereas it was not significant in the Jaccard-based model. Conclusions: PGF was associated with abundance-based shifts within shared meconium taxa, suggesting subtle differences in early microbial developmental patterns among infants who later developed PGF.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18132051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T17:11:49Z","timestamp":1782234709000},"page":"2051","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Meconium Microbiome Maturation Patterns Linked to Postnatal Growth Failure in Neonates"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7379-6041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyun Ho","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Seoul St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1947-5642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sae Yun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Seoul St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyun-Mi","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Seoul St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9083-2414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young-Ah","family":"Youn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Seoul St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.03.011","article-title":"Role of the microbiota in immunity and inflammation","volume":"157","author":"Belkaid","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1600266","article-title":"The human intestinal microbiome in health and disease","volume":"375","author":"Lynch","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. 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