{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T01:47:08Z","timestamp":1782352028757,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782259200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFE0114200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFE0114200"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFD2101505"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFD2101505"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Human breast milk (HBM), as the initial food for humans, is quite essential for infant development and also for health throughout the lifespan. Exosomes are bioactive components in HBM, yet their nutritional role remains poorly recognized. Objectives: This study investigates how HBM exosomes change with lactation and their potential role in infant growth and development. Methods: HBM samples were obtained at 2 and 6 months postpartum from a well-established birth cohort. Purified exosomes were detected using transcriptomic, lipidomic, and proteomic approaches. Then, multi-omics data were analyzed to compare differentially expressed miRNAs, lipids, and proteins along with different lactation periods and their association with the infant growth process. Results: Compared with the 2-month postpartum group, the expression levels of miR-214-3p, miR-199a-5p, miR-126-3p, miR-127-5p, miR-144-3p, and miR-4787-5p were down-regulated in the 6-month postpartum group. In addition, 190 lipids and 269 proteins were up-regulated in the 6-month postpartum group, whereas 15 lipids and 244 proteins were down-regulated. Enrichment analysis revealed that the predicted target genes of differentially expressed miRNAs were primarily involved in cell communication and axon guidance. In parallel, the differentially expressed proteins were enriched in biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids and fatty acid metabolism pathway, implying a potential role in adipogenesis and neurodevelopment. Conclusions: This study reveals that the cargo contents of HBM exosomes change with the lactation period and may adapt to the needs of infant growth and development, particularly adipogenesis and neurodevelopment. HBM exosomes may play an important role in transferring genetic information from mothers to infants and be related to infants\u2019 development. The underlying mechanisms warrant further investigation and validation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18132058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T01:03:56Z","timestamp":1782349436000},"page":"2058","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Potential of Breast Milk Exosomes in Modulating Infant Developmental Programming: A Multi-Omics Study Based on a Birth Cohort"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4852-794X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying","family":"Lyu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9085-1487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yalin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"PKUHSC-China Feihe Joint Research Institute of Nutrition and Healthy Lifespan Development, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muke","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanyun","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9433-8720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiaosi","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6975-0844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shilong","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PKUHSC-China Feihe Joint Research Institute of Nutrition and Healthy Lifespan Development, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"Feihe Research Institute, Heilongjiang Feihe Dairy Co., Ltd., Beijing 100016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaifeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PKUHSC-China Feihe Joint Research Institute of Nutrition and Healthy Lifespan Development, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"Feihe Research Institute, Heilongjiang Feihe Dairy Co., Ltd., Beijing 100016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5791-4629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yajun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"PKUHSC-China Feihe Joint Research Institute of Nutrition and Healthy Lifespan Development, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2025, October 26). 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