{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T19:50:01Z","timestamp":1787601001492,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782259200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Type 2 inflammatory diseases are among the most common chronic inflammatory conditions in childhood and represent a growing global health burden. Increasing evidence suggests that early-life nutritional exposures may influence immune programming and allergic disease development. This Position Paper aims to summarize the current evidence regarding the immunomodulatory role of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), particularly omega-3 long-chain fatty acids, in the prevention of allergic diseases during early life. Methods: A scoping literature review and consensus process were conducted to map biological mechanisms and clinical evidence linking omega-3 PUFAs with allergic disease prevention. This document analyzed experimental, observational, and randomized controlled studies evaluating maternal prenatal\/lactational omega-3 exposure. The clinical evidence was qualitatively appraised using study-design-specific Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Tools. Particular attention was given to immune modulation, inflammatory pathways, epithelial barrier function, gut microbiota interactions, and the ferroptosis\u2013immune\u2013metabolic axis. Results: Omega-3 PUFAs, including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), exert immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects through multiple mechanisms, including specialized pro-resolving mediator production, regulation of T-helper cell responses, cytokine modulation, maintenance of epithelial barrier integrity, and microbiota interaction. Emerging evidence also supports their involvement in oxidative stress and ferroptosis regulation. Current clinical evidence, particularly from higher-quality prenatal randomized trials and evidence syntheses, suggests that adequate maternal omega-3 intake during pregnancy and lactation may reduce the risk of respiratory allergic outcomes, especially wheezing and asthma, in selected offspring. Conclusions: Adequate omega-3 PUFA intake, such as 2 g\/die, during critical windows of immune maturation may represent a valuable strategy for the primary prevention of allergic diseases. Current evidence most strongly supports supplementation during pregnancy and lactation, particularly in populations with low dietary omega-3 intake or increased allergic risk. Omega-3 supplementation should be considered within a broader multifactorial preventive approach aimed at promoting immune tolerance and reducing the future burden of allergic diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18132072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T01:03:56Z","timestamp":1782349436000},"page":"2072","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Role of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) in the Primary Prevention of Allergic Diseases in Children: A Position Paper of the SIAIP Primary and Secondary Prevention of Allergic Diseases and Nutraceuticals Committees"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7823-2125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela","family":"Klain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania \u2018Luigi Vanvitelli\u2019, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9513-193X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristiana","family":"Indolfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania \u2018Luigi Vanvitelli\u2019, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7016-8421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgio","family":"Ciprandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Martelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School, Family, and Association Task Force, Italian Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, 20126 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4094-1329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco Paolo","family":"Brunese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Care Pediatrics, ASL Caserta, 81100 Caserta, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Cascone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania \u2018Luigi Vanvitelli\u2019, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Cattivera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of L\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Cresta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Care Pediatrics, ASL Genoa, 16100 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9952-1206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulio","family":"Dinardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania \u2018Luigi Vanvitelli\u2019, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilia","family":"Fabiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of L\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filippo","family":"Favuzza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Unit, Hospital Holy Family Fatebenefratelli, 22036 Erba, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4166-2030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Galletta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Unit, Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age \u2018Gaetano Barresi\u2019, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5029-7895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Grella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania \u2018Luigi Vanvitelli\u2019, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1773-6482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amelia","family":"Licari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Unit, Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Pediatric Clinic, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5420-8411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Manti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Unit, Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age \u2018Gaetano Barresi\u2019, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3377-9252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio Andrea","family":"Senatore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Clinic, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5460-2977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Schiavetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Science Department, University of Genoa, 16100 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1681-0898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Trincianti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UOSD Allergy Center, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16100 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8369-5957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Miraglia del Giudice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania \u2018Luigi Vanvitelli\u2019, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianluigi","family":"Marseglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Unit, Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Diagnosed allergic conditions in children aged 0\u201317 years: United States, 2021","volume":"459","author":"Zablotsky","year":"2023","journal-title":"NCHS Data Brief"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2004.1935.x","article-title":"Burden of allergic disease in the UK: Secondary analyses of national databases","volume":"34","author":"Gupta","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadd2563","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.add2563","article-title":"Allergy: Mechanistic insights into new methods of prevention and therapy","volume":"15","author":"Akdis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wong, G.W. (2024). Food allergies around the world. Front. Nutr., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1373110"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-024-01149-7","article-title":"Lifestyle changes and industrialization in the development of allergic diseases","volume":"24","author":"Ozdemir","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100987","DOI":"10.37349\/eaa.2025.100987","article-title":"Climate change and allergy: A call for action in Europe","volume":"3","author":"Vitry","year":"2025","journal-title":"Explor. Asthma Allergy"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2023.10.025","article-title":"Impact of socioeconomic factors on allergic diseases","volume":"153","author":"Perry","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, C., Nong, S., Chen, Y., Zhang, L., Chen, Y., Liu, C., Li, P., Liao, C., and Wu, M. (2025). Global, regional, and national burden of asthma from 1990 to 2021: Analysis of data from global disease burden in 2021. BMC Pulm. Med., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-025-03816-5"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"e30083","article-title":"Importance of maternal nutrition in the first 1,000 days of life and its effects on child development: A narrative review","volume":"14","author":"Likhar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suri, S., Verlato, G., and Ray, S. (2025). Editorial: The first 1000 days: Window of opportunity for child health and development. Front. Nutr., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1673003"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"689","article-title":"Allergy prevention: An overview of current evidence","volume":"93","author":"Royal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Yale J. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-024-01687-w","article-title":"Attitude to food supplement use: A survey promoted by the Italian Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology","volume":"50","author":"Ciprandi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ital. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gori, A., Brindisi, G., Daglia, M., del Giudice, M.M., Dinardo, G., Di Minno, A., Drago, L., Indolfi, C., Naso, M., and Trincianti, C. (2024). Exploring the role of lactoferrin in managing allergic airway diseases among children: Unrevealing a potential breakthrough. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16121906"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.2174\/0113895575284873240212045431","article-title":"Mini-review on vitamin D in pediatric population and its role in respiratory and atopic disorders","volume":"24","author":"Indolfi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mini Rev. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2018.03.004","article-title":"Omega-6 fatty acids and inflammation","volume":"132","author":"Innes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fat. Acids"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van der Heiden, J.F., and te Velde, A.A. (2026). Balancing nutrition and inflammation: The role of a healthy diet in NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Immuno, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/immuno6010013"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gutierres, D., Pacheco, R., and Reis, C.P. (2025). The role of omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in human health. Foods, 14.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202508.0631.v1"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2024.101286","article-title":"Omega-3 world map: 2024 update","volume":"95","author":"Schuchardt","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prog. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mititelu, M., Lupuliasa, D., Neac\u0219u, S.M., Olteanu, G., Busnatu, \u0218.S., Mihai, A., Popovici, V., M\u0103ru, N., Boroghin\u0103, S.C., and Mihai, S. (2025). Polyunsaturated fatty acids and human health: A key to modern nutritional balance in association with polyphenolic compounds from food sources. Foods, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14010046"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s40169-017-0153-6","article-title":"Significance of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in human health","volume":"6","author":"Tejera","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, R., Molenaar, A.J., Chen, Z., and Yuan, Y. (2025). Mode and mechanism of action of omega-3 and omega-6 unsaturated fatty acids in chronic diseases. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17091540"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-511X-8-33","article-title":"Are all omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids created equal?","volume":"8","author":"Anderson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2022.101165","article-title":"Polyunsaturated fatty acids and fatty acid-derived lipid mediators: Recent advances in the understanding of their biosynthesis, structures, and functions","volume":"86","author":"Dyall","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.21037\/tp-2025-433","article-title":"Association between polyunsaturated fatty acid intake and allergic rhinitis in children and adolescents: A cross-sectional study of the 2007\u20132016 NHANES data","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transl. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements (2026, May 16). Omega-3 Fatty Acids\u2014Health Professional Fact Sheet, Available online: https:\/\/ods.od.nih.gov\/factsheets\/Omega3FattyAcids-HealthProfessional\/."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4982","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2021.1880364","article-title":"Bioavailability and conversion of plant-based sources of omega-3 fatty acids: A scoping review to update supplementation options for vegetarians and vegans","volume":"62","author":"Lane","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Souci, S.W., Fachmann, W., and Kraut, W. (2016). Food Composition and Nutrition Tables, MedPharm Scientific Publishers. [8th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3041","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2025.2592256","article-title":"Current research on the processing, safety evaluation and functional properties of aquatic-derived lipids considering the sustainable processing of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: A critical review","volume":"66","author":"Zheng","year":"2026","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"232","article-title":"Where to find omega-3 fatty acids and how feeding animals with diet enriched in omega-3 fatty acids to increase nutritional value of derived products for human: What is actually useful?","volume":"9","author":"Bourre","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3117","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.2911","article-title":"Identification and quantification of lipids in wild and farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), and salmon feed by GC-MS","volume":"10","author":"Molversmyr","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.01.026","article-title":"Lower levels of persistent organic pollutants, metals and the marine omega-3 fatty acid DHA in farmed compared to wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)","volume":"155","author":"Lundebye","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jensen, I.J., Eilertsen, K.E., Otnaes, C.H.A., Maehre, H.K., and Elvevoll, E.O. (2020). An update on the content of fatty acids, dioxins, PCBs and heavy metals in farmed, escaped and wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in Norway. Foods, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9121901"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1002\/lite.201500006","article-title":"Long-chain omega-3 from low-trophic-level fish provides value to farmed seafood","volume":"27","author":"Bibus","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lipid Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gladyshev, M.I., and Sushchik, N.N. (2019). Long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in natural ecosystems and the human diet: Assumptions and challenges. Biomolecules, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom9090485"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"European Commission (2023). Commission Regulation (EU) 2023\/915 of 25 April 2023 on maximum levels for certain contaminants in food and repealing Regulation (EC) No 1881\/2006. Off. J. Eur. Union, L119, 103\u2013157."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abril, A.G., Carrera, M., and Pazos, M. (2024). Marine bioactive compounds with functional role in immunity and food allergy. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16162592"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Khalaifah, H. (2020). Modulatory effect of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids on immunity, represented by phagocytic activity. Front. Vet. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.569939"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sartorio, M.U.A., Pendezza, E., Coppola, S., Paparo, L., D\u2019auria, E., Zuccotti, G.V., and Canani, R.B. (2022). Potential role of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in pediatric food allergy. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14010152"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2016.03.062","article-title":"Dietary omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in allergy prevention and asthma treatment","volume":"785","author":"Willemsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zou, B., Zhao, D., Zhou, S., Kang, J.X., and Wang, B. (2025). Insight into the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on gut microbiota: Impact of a balanced tissue omega-6\/omega-3 ratio. Front. Nutr., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1575323"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costantini, L., Molinari, R., Farinon, B., and Merendino, N. (2017). Impact of omega-3 fatty acids on the gut microbiota. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18122645"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ni, F.X., Hu, J., Chen, P.S., Chen, H.H., Huang, D.H., and Jiang, Z.B. (2026). Ferroptosis-immune-metabolic axis in asthma: Mechanistic crosstalk, endotype-specific regulation, and translational targeting. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1714608"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2530","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1503734","article-title":"Fish oil-derived fatty acids in pregnancy and wheeze and asthma in offspring","volume":"375","author":"Bisgaard","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70162","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.70162","article-title":"Effects of maternal allergy and supplementation with omega-3 fatty acid and probiotic on human milk oligosaccharides","volume":"36","author":"Landberg","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jia, Y., Huang, Y., Wang, H., and Jiang, H. (2022). A dose-response meta-analysis of the association between the maternal omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids supplement and risk of asthma\/wheeze in offspring. BMC Pediatr., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-022-03421-z"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e184","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e184","article-title":"Effect of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in pregnancy on infants\u2019 allergies in first year of life: Randomised controlled trial","volume":"344","author":"Palmer","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12233","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of fish oil supplementation in pregnancy on childhood allergies","volume":"68","author":"Palmer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2026.102689","article-title":"Maternal 12-HETE is associated with childhood asthma and the responses to prenatal omega-3 supplementation","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"CD010085","article-title":"Maternal prenatal and\/or postnatal omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation for preventing allergies in early childhood","volume":"2015","author":"Gunaratne","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.111104","article-title":"Omega-3 long-chain PUFA intake during pregnancy and allergic disease outcomes in the offspring: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies and randomized controlled trials","volume":"103","author":"Best","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.13303","article-title":"Dietary factors during pregnancy and atopic outcomes in childhood: A systematic review from the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology","volume":"31","author":"Venter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.12648","article-title":"Fish intake during pregnancy or infancy and allergic outcomes in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2018.09.450","article-title":"Fatty acids in pregnancy and risk of allergic sensitization and respiratory outcomes in childhood","volume":"122","author":"Maslova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition, and Allergies (NDA) (2010). Scientific opinion on dietary reference values for fats, including saturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, trans fatty acids, and cholesterol. EFSA J., 8, 1461.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2010.1461"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13385","article-title":"Fish oil in infancy protects against food allergy in Iceland: Results from a birth cohort study","volume":"73","author":"Clausen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13764","article-title":"EAACI position paper: Influence of dietary fatty acids on asthma, food allergy, and atopic dermatitis","volume":"74","author":"Venter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10485","DOI":"10.29219\/fnr.v68.10485","article-title":"Fish: A scoping review for Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2023","volume":"68","author":"Torfadottir","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Indolfi, C., D\u2019addio, E., Bencivenga, C.L., Rivetti, G., Bettini, I., Licari, A., Manti, S., Mori, F., del Giudice, M.M., and Klain, A. (2023). The primary prevention of atopy: Does early exposure to cats and dogs prevent the development of allergy and asthma in children? A comprehensive analysis of the literature. Life, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/life13091859"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galletta, F., Klain, A., Manti, S., Mori, F., Grella, C., Tomei, L., Senatore, A.A., Licari, A., del Giudice, M.M., and Indolfi, C. (2025). Parental knowledge and preventive strategies in pediatric IgE-mediated food allergy: Results from a cross-sectional survey. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17152387"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klain, A., Senatore, A.A., Licari, A., Galletta, F., Bettini, I., Tomei, L., Manti, S., Mori, F., del Giudice, M.M., and Indolfi, C. (2024). Correction: Klain et al. The prevention of house dust mite allergies in pediatric asthma. Children, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/children11040469"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/13\/2072\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T01:18:27Z","timestamp":1782350307000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/13\/2072"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["nu18132072"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu18132072","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]]}}}