{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T04:22:05Z","timestamp":1783138925132,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Food insecurity remains a major public health challenge in Guamote Canton, Ecuador, particularly in areas characterized by high levels of poverty and limited educational attainment. This study examined the association between household income, educational level, and food insecurity in Guamote Canton. Methods: A cross-sectional survey based on the Latin American and Caribbean Food Security Scale (ELCSA) was administered to 368 households, allowing food insecurity to be classified into four categories: food security, mild insecurity, moderate insecurity, and severe insecurity. An Ordinal Logistic model was applied to identify the socioeconomic factors associated with food insecurity. Results: The results showed that household income and educational level were significantly associated with lower probabilities of food insecurity (\u03b2 = \u22120.639, p = 0.001; \u03b2 = \u22120.366, p = 0.008, respectively). Gender, Area of residence, and Access to nutrition information were also significantly associated with food insecurity. Conclusions: Households located in rural areas and those headed by women were more likely to experience moderate or severe food insecurity. Overall, the findings highlight the importance of improving income opportunities, educational attainment, and structural living conditions, which may contribute to lower levels of food insecurity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18132110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T02:16:44Z","timestamp":1782699404000},"page":"2110","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Socioeconomic Factors Associated with Household Food Insecurity in Guamote Canton, Ecuador"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"V\u00edctor Dante","family":"Ayaviri-Nina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Pol\u00edticas y Administrativas, Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo (UNACH), Riobamba 060103, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jhonnatan Geovanny Paltan","family":"Guzm\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Pol\u00edticas y Administrativas, Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo (UNACH), Riobamba 060103, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2797-0262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaira Brigithe Tello","family":"Vallejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Pol\u00edticas y Administrativas, Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo (UNACH), Riobamba 060103, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabith Miriam Quispe","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Pol\u00edticas y Administrativas, Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo (UNACH), Riobamba 060103, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariana","family":"Saraiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research in Veterinary Medicine (I-MVET), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lisbon University Centre, Lus\u00f3fona University, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lisbon University Centre, Lus\u00f3fona University, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4359-063X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hmidan A.","family":"Alturki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Abdulaziz City for Science & Technology, Wellness and Preventive Medicine Institute\u2014Health Sector, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1602-4619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fahad","family":"Alofan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Business Administration, College of Business & Economics, Qassim University, Buraydah 51431, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6489-7789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esteban","family":"P\u00e9rez-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Pathology and Production, Bromatology and Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmonta\u00f1a s\/n, 35413 Arucas, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5286-2249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Raposo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBIOS (Research Center for Biosciences and Health Technologies), ECTS (School of Health Sciences and Technologies), Lus\u00f3fona University, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/120.suppl_11.1555","article-title":"Core indicators of nutritional state for difficult-to-sample populations","volume":"120","author":"Anderson","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. 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