{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T09:14:18Z","timestamp":1783329258224,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: Restrained eating has been recognized as a maladaptive behavior linked to various adverse health outcomes, such as eating disorders and anxiety, which can significantly impact both physical and mental well-being. However, little is known about how perceived sociocultural pressures correlate with restrained eating. Therefore, based on the Tripartite Influence Model and Objectification Theory, we investigated the association between perceived sociocultural pressure and restrained eating as well as the potential mediating role of self-objectification and body-esteem in this association. Method: Participants were 1774 students aged 16\u201333 years (Mage = 19.28 years, 65.80% female) who completed assessments of perceived sociocultural pressure, self-objectification, body-esteem, and restrained eating. Results: The results indicated that after controlling for body mass index and sex, perceived sociocultural pressure was positively correlated with restrained eating. Self-objectification and body-esteem were serial mediators of the association between perceived sociocultural pressure and restrained eating. Discussion: These correlational results suggest that body-esteem may serve as a promising intervention target for programs designed to prevent and reduce restrained eating. In addition, these correlational findings shed light on the prevention and intervention of restrained eating and provide a new theoretical perspective on mental health. In addition, implications and directions for future research were also discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18132142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T10:04:44Z","timestamp":1782986684000},"page":"2142","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Perceived Sociocultural Pressure and Restrained Eating Among Chinese College Students: The Serial Mediating Roles of Self-Objectification and Body-Esteem"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1954-9661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingyang","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China"},{"name":"Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8660-0537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haoyan","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China"},{"name":"Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ximei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China"},{"name":"Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8888-5103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China"},{"name":"Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"},{"name":"Research Center of Psychology and Social Development, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1975.tb00727.x","article-title":"Restrained and Unrestrained Eating","volume":"43","author":"Herman","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Pers."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11642","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-023-05306-5","article-title":"Social media use and young Chinese men\u2019s restrained eating: The mediating roles of self-objectification and body satisfaction","volume":"43","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.07.065","article-title":"Anxiety and restrained eating in everyday life: An ecological momentary assessment study","volume":"362","author":"Gelkopf","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2022.106279","article-title":"A systematic review of the relationship between alexithymia and emotional eating in adults","volume":"180","author":"McAtamney","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2022.106019","article-title":"The dynamic network associations of food craving, restrained eating, hunger and negative emotions","volume":"175","author":"Gelkopf","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"697","article-title":"Emotional Arousal and Eating Behavior in Different Subgroups of Restrained Eaters","volume":"21","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Titova, O.E., Hjorth, O.C., Schi\u00f6th, H.B., and Brooks, S.J. (2013). Anorexia nervosa is linked to reduced brain structure in reward and somatosensory regions: A meta-analysis of VBM studies. BMC Psychiatry, 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-13-110"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1007\/s12529-021-09958-0","article-title":"Dysfunctional Eating Behaviour and Leptin in Middle-Aged Women: Role of Menopause and a History of Anorexia Nervosa","volume":"28","author":"Fischer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.105.4.508","article-title":"Restraint, dieting, and the continuum model of bulimia nervosa","volume":"105","author":"Lowe","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1159\/000498866","article-title":"Stress-Induced Release of Eating-Related Hormones in Young Women Classified as Restrained and Unrestrained Eaters","volume":"78","author":"Laessle","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yong, C., Liu, H., Yang, Q., Luo, J., Ouyang, Y., Sun, M., Xi, Y., Xiang, C., and Lin, Q. (2021). The Relationship between Restrained Eating, Body Image, and Dietary Intake among University Students in China: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13030990"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.2224\/sbp.2013.41.7.1165","article-title":"Body Dissatisfaction and Restrained Eating: Mediating Effects of Self-Esteem","volume":"41","author":"Kong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soc. Behav. Personal. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-277X.2002.00329.x","article-title":"Dietary restraint in relation to nutrient intake, physical activity and iron status in adolescent females","volume":"15","author":"Mulvihill","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Hum. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.5817\/CP2024-1-2","article-title":"Relationships Among Selfie-Viewing on Social Media, Thin-Ideal Internalization, and Restrained Eating in Adolescents: The Buffering Role of Media Literacy","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. J. Psychosoc. Res. Cyberspace"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14212","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-022-02748-1","article-title":"Patterns of restrained eating in Chinese adolescents\u2019 interpersonal contexts: A latent profile analysis","volume":"42","author":"Xiong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2023.107021","article-title":"Family cohesion and intuitive eating in Chinese college students: A serial mediation model","volume":"190","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2205","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2008.365","article-title":"Emerging Adulthood and College-aged Youth: An Overlooked Age for Weight-related Behavior Change","volume":"16","author":"Nelson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.27.6.753","article-title":"Restrained Eating and BMI: A Longitudinal Study Among Adolescents","volume":"27","author":"Snoek","year":"2008","journal-title":"Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.24083","article-title":"The bidirectional associations between self-esteem and problematic eating behaviors in adolescents","volume":"57","author":"Beckers","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1177\/21677026221144255","article-title":"The Link Between Low Self-Esteem and Eating Disorders: A Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal Studies","volume":"11","author":"Krauss","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-014-0023-1","article-title":"Restrained eating and self-esteem in premenopausal and postmenopausal women","volume":"2","author":"Drobnjak","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Zhong, Q. (2023). The Influence of Self-Objectification on Restrained Eating Behaviors Among College Students: The Chain Mediating Effect of Self-Esteem and Social Appearance Anxiety. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Sichuan Normal University]."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2022.106267","article-title":"Cyberbullying victimization and disordered eating behaviors: The mediating roles of self-compassion and self-objectification","volume":"178","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-022-01478-6","article-title":"Peer Appearance Teasing and Restrained Eating Among Chinese Adolescent Girls: A Mediation Model of Fear of Negative Appearance Evaluation and Body Surveillance","volume":"55","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2023.03.002","article-title":"Body talk on social networking sites and restrained eating among adolescents: A test of a multiple mediation model","volume":"45","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-0968(200010)8:5<394::AID-ERV358>3.0.CO;2-B","article-title":"Restrained eating and sociocultural attitudes to appearance and general dissatisfaction","volume":"8","author":"Griffiths","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. Eat. Disord. Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu, T., Wang, J., Xu, S., Yu, J., and Sun, G. (2022). Media Internalized Pressure and Restrained Eating Behavior in College Students: The Multiple Mediating Effects of Body Esteem and Social Physique Anxiety. Front. Psychol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.887124"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"192","article-title":"Sources of perceived sociocultural pressure on physical self-concept","volume":"25","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psicothema"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-108X(199907)26:1<43::AID-EAT6>3.0.CO;2-R","article-title":"Body image, social comparison, and eating disturbance: A covariance structure modeling investigation","volume":"26","author":"Thompson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thompson, J.K., Heinberg, L.J., Altabe, M., and Tantleff-Dunn, S. (1999). Exacting Beauty: Theory, Assessment, and Treatment of Body Image Disturbance, American Psychological Association.","DOI":"10.1037\/10312-000"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2018.12.025","article-title":"Is thin in everywhere?: A cross-cultural comparison of a subsection of Tripartite Influence Model in Australia and Malaysia","volume":"134","author":"Shagar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"459","article-title":"Appearance Comparisons on Social Networking Sites and Body Dissatisfaction: A Moderated Mediation Model of Peer Appearance Pressure and Self-objectification","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin. J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Luo, Y., Zhao, J., Cui, Y., and Chen, H. (2024). Peer Teasing and Restrained Eating among Chinese College Students: The Chain Mediating Role of Negative Coping Styles and Negative Physical Self. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16010163"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-024-01083-z","article-title":"Appearance-related cyberbullying and its association with the desire to alter physical appearance among adolescent females","volume":"12","author":"Prince","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.10269","article-title":"The development of eating pathology in Chinese-Australian women: Acculturation versus culture clash","volume":"35","author":"Humphry","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2012.743103","article-title":"A Longitudinal Investigation of Perceived Friend Influence on Adolescent Girls\u2019 Body Dissatisfaction and Disordered Eating","volume":"42","author":"Rayner","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jped.2023.11.007","article-title":"Transgenerational transmission of eating habits","volume":"100","author":"Fisberg","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-009-9128-1","article-title":"Decision Making in Eating Behavior: Interacting Perspectives from the Individual, Family, and Environment: An Introduction","volume":"38","author":"Rothman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Behav. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2008.12.009","article-title":"Longitudinal relationships between fathers\u2019, mothers\u2019, and adolescents\u2019 restrained eating","volume":"52","author":"Snoek","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-020-01847-6","article-title":"Associations between Parent Restrained Eating, Conflict, and Adolescent Eating (in Latinx Sample)","volume":"30","author":"Allen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Child Fam. Stud."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20612","article-title":"Family Structure, Body Mass Index, and Eating Behavior","volume":"42","author":"Hasenboehler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.x","article-title":"Objectification theory\u2014Toward understanding women\u2019s lived experiences and mental health risks","volume":"21","author":"Fredrickson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychol. Women Q."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-014-0649-1","article-title":"The developmental effects of media-ideal internalization and self-objectification processes on adolescents\u2019 negative body-feelings, dietary restraint, and binge eating","volume":"24","author":"Dakanalis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-019-01045-9","article-title":"Selfie-Posting and Young Adult Women\u2019s Restrained Eating: The Role of Commentary on Appearance and Self-Objectification","volume":"82","author":"Niu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sex Roles"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"8","article-title":"Which Are the Effects of Body-Objectification and Instagram-Related Practices on Male Body Esteem? A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"19","author":"Boursier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1521\/jscp.1996.15.3.340","article-title":"Test of the dual pathway model of bulimia nervosa: Evidence for dietary restraint and affect regulation mechanisms","volume":"15","author":"Stice","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Soc. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2020.02.016","article-title":"Becoming an object: A review of self-objectification in girls","volume":"33","author":"Daniels","year":"2020","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-004-0721-2","article-title":"Objectification theory as it relates to disordered eating among college women","volume":"51","author":"Tylka","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sex Roles"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2011.11.008","article-title":"The Connection between Young Women\u2019s Body Esteem and Sexual Assertiveness","volume":"25","author":"Auslander","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Adolesc. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0000000000000945","article-title":"Examining the Bidirectional Association Between Body Esteem and Body Mass Index During Adolescence","volume":"42","author":"Lamb","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1080\/08952841.2017.1313012","article-title":"Body esteem and self-esteem in middle-aged women","volume":"30","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Women Aging"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.24.6.548","article-title":"Maternal influences on daughters\u2019 restrained eating behavior","volume":"24","author":"Francis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2013.06.005","article-title":"Attention bias for food is independent of restraint in healthy weight individuals\u2014An eye tracking study","volume":"14","author":"Werthmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eat. Behav."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsx049","article-title":"Weight Status as a Mediator of the Association Between Preschool Extraversion and Adolescent Restrained Eating","volume":"42","author":"Hankey","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22270","article-title":"Features and Trajectories of Eating Behavior in Weight-Loss Maintenance: Results from the German Weight Control Registry","volume":"26","author":"Neumann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2011.07.007","article-title":"Internalization of the thin and muscular body ideal and disordered eating in adolescence: The mediation effects of body esteem","volume":"9","author":"Flament","year":"2012","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2016.0384","article-title":"Excessive Time on Social Networking Sites and Disordered Eating Behaviors Among Undergraduate Students: Appearance and Weight Esteem as Mediating Pathways","volume":"19","author":"Murray","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-7358(94)90002-7","article-title":"Review of the Evidence for a Sociocultural Model of Bulimia Nervosa and an Exploration of the Mechanisms of Action","volume":"14","author":"Stice","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2015.11.012","article-title":"Effects of anti-obesity messages on women\u2019s body image and eating behaviour","volume":"20","author":"Keating","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eat. Behav."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2023.2273338","article-title":"Objectification and body esteem: Age group patterns in women\u2019s psychological functioning","volume":"28","author":"Sherman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aging Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1177\/0361684320923294","article-title":"Body Image and Eating Disturbances in Children: The Role of Self-Objectification","volume":"44","author":"Jongenelis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol. Women Q."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-023-03565-y","article-title":"Self-awareness and Social Influences as Predictors of Body Dissatisfaction and Acceptance of Cosmetic Surgery for Social Reasons Among Men","volume":"48","author":"Nerini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-022-03225-7","article-title":"Retouched or Unaltered? That is the Question. Body Image and Acceptance of Cosmetic Surgery in Young Female Instagram Users","volume":"48","author":"Nerini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-013-0013-7","article-title":"A biopsychosocial model of body image concerns and disordered eating in early adolescent girls","volume":"43","author":"Rodgers","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Youth Adolesc."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"567","article-title":"Comparison of Predictive Models for Risky Factors of Body Dissatisfaction Between Han and Yi Girls","volume":"31","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chin. J. Sch. Health"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7894(98)80006-3","article-title":"Predicting onset and cessation of bulimic behaviors during adolescence: A longitudinal grouping analysis","volume":"29","author":"Stice","year":"1998","journal-title":"Behav. Ther."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1037\/a0037917","article-title":"Development and Validation of the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-4 (SATAQ-4)","volume":"27","author":"Schaefer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2013.06.009","article-title":"The construct validity of the Restraint Scale among mainland Chinese women","volume":"14","author":"Kong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eat. Behav."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327752JPA7601_6","article-title":"Body-esteem scale for adolescents and adults","volume":"76","author":"Mendelson","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Personal. Assess."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-6402.1998.tb00181.x","article-title":"A Mediational Model Linking Self-Objectification, Body Shame, and Disordered Eating","volume":"22","author":"Noll","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychol. Women Q."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"920","article-title":"The Effect of Using Social Networking Sites on Body Image Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Body Image Comparison and the Moderating Role of Self-Objectification","volume":"40","author":"Wei","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2016.08.013","article-title":"A serial mediation model testing early adversity, self-concept clarity, and thin-ideal internalization as predictors of body dissatisfaction","volume":"19","author":"Vartanian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.88.5.879","article-title":"Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies","volume":"88","author":"Podsakoff","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2016.12.008","article-title":"Internalization of appearance ideals mediates the relationship between appearance-related pressures from peers and emotional eating among adolescent boys and girls","volume":"24","author":"Thompson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eat. Behav."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2012.03.002","article-title":"Drive for muscularity and disordered eating among French adolescent boys: A sociocultural model","volume":"9","author":"Rodgers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-020-01122-4","article-title":"Body Image Victimization Experiences and Disordered Eating Behaviors among Chinese Female Adolescents: The Role of Body Dissatisfaction and Depression","volume":"83","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sex Roles"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.1994.tb01506.x","article-title":"Social-Learning in Animals\u2014Categories and Mechanisms","volume":"69","author":"Heyes","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2012.10.021","article-title":"Parental restriction and children\u2019s diets. The chocolate coin and Easter egg experiments","volume":"61","author":"Ogden","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Jones, W.K. (1994). A Theory of Social Norms. Univ. Ill. Law Rev., 545\u2013596."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.55.4.588","article-title":"Social Contagion of Binge Eating","volume":"55","author":"Crandall","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Personal. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2020.11.005","article-title":"Social media, body satisfaction and well-being among adolescents: A mediation model of appearance-ideal internalization and comparison","volume":"36","author":"Jarman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2021.12.002","article-title":"Social media and body image: Recent trends and future directions","volume":"45","author":"Vandenbosch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-020-01179-1","article-title":"Body Image Comparisons on Social Networking Sites and Chinese Female College Students\u2019 Restrained Eating: The Roles of Body Shame, Body Appreciation, and Body Mass Index","volume":"84","author":"Yao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sex Roles"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsv021","article-title":"The Role of Self-Objectification in the Mental Health of Early Adolescent Girls: Predictors and Consequences","volume":"40","author":"Tiggemann","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.75.1.269","article-title":"That swimsuit becomes you: Sex differences in self-objectification, restrained eating, and math performance","volume":"75","author":"Fredrickson","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Personal. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2013.01.013","article-title":"Differences in appearance-related commentary, body dissatisfaction, and eating disturbance among college women of varying weight groups","volume":"14","author":"Herbozo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eat. Behav."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-014-0441-1","article-title":"Facebook Involvement, Objectified Body Consciousness, Body Shame, and Sexual Assertiveness in College Women and Men","volume":"72","author":"Manago","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sex Roles"},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"Thompson, J.K. (2001). Theories of body image disturbance: Perceptual, developmental, and sociocultural factors. Body Image, Eating Disorders, and Obesity: An Integrative Guide for Assessment and Treatment, American Psychological Association."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105306065015","article-title":"Peer influences, body-image dissatisfaction, eating dysfunction and self-esteem in adolescent girls","volume":"11","author":"Shroff","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2018.02.006","article-title":"BMI and disordered eating in urban, African American, adolescent girls: The mediating role of body dissatisfaction","volume":"29","author":"Armstrong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eat. Behav."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016820","article-title":"Predictors of Changes in Weight Esteem Among Mainland Chinese Adolescents: A Longitudinal Analysis","volume":"45","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-019-01190-0","article-title":"A biopsychosocial model of social media use and body image concerns, disordered eating, and muscle-building behaviors among adolescent girls and boys","volume":"49","author":"Rodgers","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Youth Adolesc."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2015.03.003","article-title":"Future directions for positive body image research","volume":"14","author":"Halliwell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tylka, T.L., and Niva, P. (2019). Handbook of Positive Body Image and Embodiment: Constructs, Protective Factors, and Interventions, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/med-psych\/9780190841874.003.0039"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2015.07.001","article-title":"Expand Your Horizon: A programme that improves body image and reduces self-objectification by training women to focus on body functionality","volume":"15","author":"Alleva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2015.04.003","article-title":"Decreasing body dissatisfaction using a brief conditioning intervention","volume":"69","author":"Aspen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakhoul, T.B., Mina, A., Soufia, M., Obeid, S., and Hallit, S. (2021). Restrained eating in Lebanese adolescents: Scale validation and correlates. BMC Pediatr., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-021-02728-7"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-108X(199111)10:6<699::AID-EAT2260100608>3.0.CO;2-0","article-title":"Restrained Eating (Weight Concerns) in the General Population and Among Students","volume":"10","author":"Rand","year":"1991","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/13\/2142\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T08:15:28Z","timestamp":1783325728000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/13\/2142"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["nu18132142"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu18132142","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]}}}