{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T05:18:13Z","timestamp":1783142293681,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001584","name":"Irish Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001584","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Ceereal asbl"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Iron is an essential element for human health, with natural sources and fortified foods being the main contributors to intakes. In the context of setting safe maximum levels (SMLs) in food supplements and fortified foods in the EU, it is necessary to understand the current role of fortified foods in the diet and the potential impact of any regulatory changes. This study used three modelling scenarios to investigate the impact of removing voluntary iron fortification of current iron-fortified foods on iron intakes in children. Methods: Data were based on the Irish National Children\u2019s Food Survey II. The modelling scenarios were as follows: 1. removal of iron from all fortified foods; 2. removal of iron from fortified foods excluding ready-to-eat cereals (RTECs); and 3. removal of iron from fortified RTECs only. Usual intakes of iron, the prevalence of inadequate intakes, and risk of excess intakes were examined at baseline and for each scenario for the total population and consumers only. Results: Removing the iron-fortified component from all iron-fortified foods\/RTECs only significantly increased the prevalence of inadequate intakes of iron from 20% to 50%, with significantly higher proportions of females (55\u201361%) having inadequate intakes compared to males (37\u201344%). There was negligible risk of excess iron intake at baseline and no further impact from any of the three scenarios. Conclusions: This study showed that removing voluntary iron fortification could carry a significant nutritional risk and should be carefully evaluated to ensure that the iron status of vulnerable population groups is not negatively impacted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18132144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T10:04:44Z","timestamp":1782986684000},"page":"2144","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Would the Removal of Voluntary Iron Fortification Put Vulnerable Populations at Risk? Modelling the Risk of Inadequate and Excess Iron Intakes in Children in Ireland"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9030-7094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Kehoe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4758-5328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janette","family":"Walton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3362","DOI":"10.1097\/MS9.0000000000003100","article-title":"Iron homeostasis and health: Understanding its role beyond blood health\u2014A narrative review","volume":"87","author":"Obeagu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. 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