{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T15:39:05Z","timestamp":1785425945557,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Balearic Islands Government","award":["ES01\/TCAI\/7-2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ES01\/TCAI\/7-2018"]}]},{"name":"Research Project of MICIU\/AEI of Spain","award":["PID2023-146632OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2023-146632OB-I00"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red Fisiopatolog\u00eda de la Obesidad y Nutrici\u00f3n, CIBEROBN"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02s65tk16","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Spanish Government","award":["PTQ-17-09044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTQ-17-09044"]}]},{"award":["PTQ-17-09044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTQ-17-09044"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/038jjxj40","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: This study investigated the short- and long-term metabolic effects of two \u03b2-sitosterol with propionic acid cocrystals (CCA and CCB) compared with commercial \u03b2-sitosterol in male hamsters. Methods: Five experiments were conducted, including three acute and two chronic dietary interventions. Acute experiments evaluated the metabolic response to a single dose of commercial \u03b2-sitosterol (S) or its cocrystals (513 mg\/kg) administered with a pork-fat load following 40% caloric restriction. Blood samples were collected before and 5 h after the lipid challenge. Long-term studies assessed daily supplementation with CCA (264 mg\/kg) or CCB (at two doses, 114 and 342 mg\/kg) during exposure to high-fat (HF) or Western diets (WD), respectively, for 21 days. Results: Acutely, CCA attenuated postprandial triglyceride increases in adult animals, while CCB induced a reduced rise in postprandial cholesterol across the three studies compared to S. Young animals treated with CCA and CCB exhibited a reduction in postprandial glucose levels. Long-term, in HF-fed hamsters, CCA lowered plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels on day 14 and, at the endpoint, decreased liver weight and increased circulating sitosterol levels, unlike its commercial counterpart. In WD-fed animals, CCB supplementation dose-dependently elevated plasma sitosterol levels. At the low dose, CCB treatment reduced body weight gain and cholesterol increase and improved adipocyte morphology, whereas the high dose reduced diet-induced hepatic detrimental outcomes, showing a stronger hepatoprotective effect compared to S-treated animals. Together, these results indicate improved postprandial lipid handling in the short-term and a modulation of metabolic adaptation to obesogenic diets in the long-term. Conclusions: \u03b2-sitosterol with propionic acid cocrystals improved metabolic responses more effectively than commercial \u03b2-sitosterol, enhancing bioavailability and potential therapeutic value against diet-induced metabolic disturbances.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18132146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T10:04:44Z","timestamp":1782986684000},"page":"2146","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cocrystals of \u03b2-Sitosterol with Propionic Acid Improve Postprandial Lipid Response and Long-Term Adaptation to Obesogenic Diets in Hamsters, Surpassing the Effects of Commercial \u03b2-Sitosterol"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9918-3764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariona","family":"Palou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Group of Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation (NuBE), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain"},{"name":"Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Sanit\u00e0ria Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07010 Palma, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Fisiopatolog\u00eda de la Obesidad y Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBEROBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Artificial Intelligence Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IAIB), 07122 Palma, Spain"},{"name":"Aliment\u00f3mica S.L. (Spin off no. 001 from UIB), 07120 Palma, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3988-7780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B\u00e0rbara","family":"Reyn\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group of Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation (NuBE), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain"},{"name":"Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Sanit\u00e0ria Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07010 Palma, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Fisiopatolog\u00eda de la Obesidad y Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBEROBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Artificial Intelligence Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IAIB), 07122 Palma, Spain"},{"name":"Aliment\u00f3mica S.L. (Spin off no. 001 from UIB), 07120 Palma, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0294-1720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafel","family":"Prohens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Barrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Intelligent Research in Crystal Engineering, S.L. (CIRCE), 07121 Palma, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0396-6761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreu","family":"Palou-March","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group of Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation (NuBE), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain"},{"name":"Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Sanit\u00e0ria Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07010 Palma, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Fisiopatolog\u00eda de la Obesidad y Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBEROBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Artificial Intelligence Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IAIB), 07122 Palma, Spain"},{"name":"Aliment\u00f3mica S.L. (Spin off no. 001 from UIB), 07120 Palma, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0295-4452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreu","family":"Palou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group of Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation (NuBE), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain"},{"name":"Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Sanit\u00e0ria Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07010 Palma, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Fisiopatolog\u00eda de la Obesidad y Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBEROBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Artificial Intelligence Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IAIB), 07122 Palma, Spain"},{"name":"Aliment\u00f3mica S.L. (Spin off no. 001 from UIB), 07120 Palma, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8307-9732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisca","family":"Serra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group of Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation (NuBE), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain"},{"name":"Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Sanit\u00e0ria Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07010 Palma, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Fisiopatolog\u00eda de la Obesidad y Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBEROBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Artificial Intelligence Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IAIB), 07122 Palma, Spain"},{"name":"Aliment\u00f3mica S.L. (Spin off no. 001 from UIB), 07120 Palma, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2026, March 27). WHO Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs). 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