{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T10:53:43Z","timestamp":1782989623596,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":135,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The growing aging population is a primary driver of chronic, long-term health conditions. The rising prevalence of cognitive decline in older populations is a pressing public health issue due to its impact on health and social care and its emotional toll on family members. A lesser-known condition is sarcopenia\u2014the age-related debilitating loss of skeletal muscle mass and function which leads to weakness and loss of mobility, quality of life and social independence. Neither health condition has a clear pharmacological treatment pathway. Diet and nutrition have therefore received the most attention for disease prevention. This review evaluates the research on the association between sarcopenia and cognitive decline and how both conditions may be linked to protein intake. While findings can be inconclusive or contradictory, a higher consumption of protein may protect against declines in physical and cognitive health, either acting separately or synergistically with exercise. The evidence supports the recommendation for a daily intake of protein higher than the current guideline of 0.8 g\/kg\/d for older people. Evidence suggests that healthy dietary patterns such as the Mediterranean diet appear to positively influence cognitive health in older people. Furthermore, the impact of specific high-protein foods, including egg, soy and dairy foods, on cognitive health has been reviewed, again with a suggestion that their consumption may mitigate against cognitive decline. Functional foods aimed at the aging population who wish to increase their protein intake and avert or delay the onset of these health conditions could play an important role in preventive nutrition, especially if they are formulated around the protein-rich foods which appear to positively impact cognitive health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18132148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T10:04:44Z","timestamp":1782986684000},"page":"2148","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Protein Consumption and Cognitive Health in Aging: Associations with Sarcopenia and Dietary Options, a Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8353-8441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"McCarthy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, London N7 8DB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6794-9494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aloys","family":"Berg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79117 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-025-03021-8","article-title":"Aging, longevity, and healthy aging: The public health approach","volume":"37","author":"Gianfredi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12783","article-title":"Global prevalence of sarcopenia and severe sarcopenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Balntzi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ara\u00fajo, L.P., Figueiredo Godoy, A.C., Fortes Frota, F., Barbalho Lamas, C., Quesada, K., Rucco Penteado Detregiachi, C., Cressoni Ara\u00fajo, A., Miglino, M.A., Landgraf Guiguer, E., and Santos de Argollo Haber, R. (2025). Sarcopenia in the Aging Process: Pathophysiological Mechanisms, Clinical Implications, and Emerging Therapeutic Approaches. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262412147"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, W., Deng, W., Gong, X., Ou, J., Yu, S., and Chen, S. (2025). Global burden of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and other dementias in adults aged 65 years and over, and health inequality related to SDI, 1990\u20132021: Analysis of data from GBD 2021. BMC Public Health, 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-22378-z"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01296-0","article-title":"Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2024 report of the Lancet standing Commission","volume":"404","author":"Livingston","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1532-5415.2002.50507.x","article-title":"Is there a relationship between fat-free soft tissue mass and low cognitive function? Results from a study of 7105 women","volume":"50","author":"Andrieu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1159\/000154929","article-title":"Functional decline in cognitive impairment--the relationship between physical and cognitive function","volume":"31","author":"Auyeung","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afs173","article-title":"Sarcopenia and cognitive impairment in elderly women: Results from the EPIDOS cohort","volume":"42","author":"Cesari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.17206","article-title":"Sarcopenia is associated with incident Alzheimer\u2019s dementia, mild cognitive impairment, and cognitive decline","volume":"69","author":"Beeri","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21074","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-62918-y","article-title":"Sarcopenia is a predictor for Alzheimer\u2019s continuum and related clinical outcomes","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, X., Yu, Y., Li, J., Chai, X., Shan, W., Yan, H., and Lu, Y. (2024). A study of the correlation between sarcopenia and cognitive impairment in older individuals over 60\u2009years: Cross-sectional and longitudinal validation. Front. Aging Neurosci., 27.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2024.1489185"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren, C., Hu, T., Zhu, J., Chu, H., and Guo, Q. (2025). Sarcopenia index is associated with Alzheimer\u2019s disease, mild cognitive impairment and their mortality in Chinese adults aged 65 and older. BMC Public Health, 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-23512-7"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E66031","DOI":"10.2196\/66031","article-title":"Sarcopenia and Risk of Cognitive Impairment: Cohort Study and Mendelian Randomization Analysis","volume":"8","author":"Sha","year":"2025","journal-title":"JMIR Aging"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e45718","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000045718","article-title":"Causal relationship between sarcopenia and cognitive performance: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study","volume":"104","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hou, Y., Long, R., Sun, Q., Zhang, Y., and Wang, K. (2026). Longitudinal associations of sarcopenia and biological age acceleration with rate of cognitive decline. BMC Public Health, 26.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-026-26389-2"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18500","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-45833-2","article-title":"Heterogeneous trajectories of appendicular skeletal muscle mass change and cognitive impairment in community-dwelling middle-aged and older adults","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e71043","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.71043","article-title":"Preserved muscle function as a protective factor against cognitive decline: Longitudinal results from the FINGER study","volume":"22","author":"Borda","year":"2026","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coelho-Junior, H.J., Calvani, R., Azzolino, D., Picca, A., Tosato, M., Landi, F., Cesari, M., and Marzetti, E. (2022). Protein Intake and Sarcopenia in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19148718"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12922","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of protein intake to support muscle mass and function in healthy adults","volume":"13","author":"Nunes","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, M., Woo, K., and Kim, K. (2024). Association of Protein Intake with Sarcopenia and Related Indicators Among Korean Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16244350"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2026, May 13). Protein and Amino Acid Requirements in Human Nutrition: Report of a Joint FAO\/WHO\/UNU Expert Consultation. Available online: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/43411."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine (2005). Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids, The National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wall, B.T., Gorissen, S.H., Pennings, B., Koopman, R., Groen, B.B., Verdijk, L.B., and Van Loon, L.J. (2015). Aging Is Accompanied by a Blunted Muscle Protein Synthetic Response to Protein Ingestion. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0140903"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"124","article-title":"Defining anabolic resistance: Implications for delivery of clinical care nutrition","volume":"24","author":"Morton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cur. Opin. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaromskyte, G., Prokopidis, K., Ioannidis, T., Tipton, K.D., and Witard, O.C. (2021). Evaluating the Leucine Trigger Hypothesis to Explain the Post-prandial Regulation of Muscle Protein Synthesis in Young and Older Adults: A Systematic Review. Front. Nutr., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.685165"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.112359","article-title":"Leucine partially protects muscle mass and function during bed rest in middle-aged adults","volume":"103","author":"English","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakayama, Y., Yokoyama, K., Moriyasu, A., Kimura, M., Yoshida, T., Kobayashi, H., Kimura, M., and Yamada, Y. (2026). Protein-rich food intake frequency score and muscle mass, strength, muscle-specific strength or physical performance in Japanese older women: A cross-sectional study. BMC Geriatr., 26.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-025-06932-3"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stoodley, I.L., Berthon, B.S., Scott, H.A., Williams, E.J., Baines, P.J., Knox, H., Wood, S., Paradzayi, B., Cameron-Smith, D., and Wood, L.G. (2024). Protein Intake and Physical Activity Levels as Determinants of Sarcopenia Risk in Community-Dwelling Older Adults. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16091380"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"afad018","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afad018","article-title":"Higher dietary protein intake is associated with sarcopenia in older British twins","volume":"52","author":"Bowyer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2019.01.009","article-title":"Effects of dietary patterns and low protein intake on sarcopenia risk in the very old: The Newcastle 85+ study","volume":"39","author":"Granic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matison, A.P., Milte, C.M., Shaw, J.E., Magliano, D.J., Daly, R.M., and Torres, S.J. (2022). Association between dietary protein intake and changes in health-related quality of life in older adults: Findings from the AusDiab 12-year prospective study. BMC Geriatr., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-022-02894-y"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2023.10.017","article-title":"Dietary protein intake and changes in muscle mass measurements in community-dwelling middle-aged and older adults: A prospective cohort study","volume":"42","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahmoodi, M., Soltani, M., Nouri, M., Shateri, Z., Shoja, M., Rajabzadeh-Dehkordi, M., Nasimi, N., and Dabbaghmanesh, M.H. (2025). Association between a plant-based diet and the risk of sarcopenia among older adults: A case-control study. BMC Public Health, 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-25047-3"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liao, C.D., Huang, S.W., Chen, H.C., Huang, M.H., Liou, T.H., and Lin, C.L. (2024). Comparative Efficacy of Different Protein Supplements on Muscle Mass, Strength, and Physical Indices of Sarcopenia among Community-Dwelling, Hospitalized or Institutionalized Older Adults Undergoing Resistance Training: A Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16070941"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13481","article-title":"Protein-enriched soup and weekly exercise improve muscle health: A randomized trial in mid-to-old age with inadequate protein intake","volume":"15","author":"Peng","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnha.2024.100429","article-title":"Provision of a daily high protein and high energy meal: Effects on the physical and psychological wellbeing of community-dwelling, malnourished older adults; a randomised crossover trial","volume":"29","author":"Struszczak","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jang, E.H., and Lee, S. (2025). A 12-Week Randomized Controlled Trial of Nutrition and Exercise Education with Dietary Supplementation for Sarcopenia Prevention in Korean Baby Boomers. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17183008"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ishaq, I., Noreen, S., Maduabuchi Aja, P., and Atoki, A.V. (2025). Role of protein intake in maintaining muscle mass composition among elderly females suffering from sarcopenia. Front. Nutr., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1547325"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"e88330","article-title":"Longitudinal Effects of a Nutritional Intervention and Exercise Program on Trunk Muscle Mass in Older Adults: A Six-Month Preliminary Longitudinal Study","volume":"17","author":"Hyodo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sakamoto, D., Terashima, Y., Sugawara, M., Unno, R., Watanabe, T., Uno, T., and Maruyama, M. (2025). The effect of routine high-soy-protein soymilk intake on the skeletal muscle index (SMI) in Japanese pre-frail elderly individuals with an ordinary life: A post hoc analysis of a randomized controlled trial. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17243900"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1177\/1096620X261430172","article-title":"Fermented whey protein supplement slows the progression of frailty and sarcopenia among older Korean adults: A Randomized Blinded Trial","volume":"29","author":"Lim","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.06.024","article-title":"Supplement-based nutritional strategies to tackle frailty: A multifactorial, double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"40","author":"Roschel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2021.111644","article-title":"Sarcojoint\u00ae, the branched-chain amino acid-based supplement, plus resistance exercise improved muscle mass in adults aged 50 years and older: A double-blinded randomized controlled trial","volume":"157","author":"Peng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnha.2025.100508","article-title":"Effectiveness of protein-enriched oral nutritional supplements on muscle function in middle-aged and elderly women: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"29","author":"Kang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-025-03845-0","article-title":"Efficacy of leucine-rich high protein supplementation on body composition and muscle function among older adults with sarcopenia: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"65","author":"Chung","year":"2026","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2014.04.007","article-title":"Protein intake and exercise for optimal muscle function with aging: Recommendations from the ESPEN Expert Group","volume":"33","author":"Deutz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rogeri, P.S., Zanella, R., Martins, G.L., Garcia, M.D.A., Leite, G., Lugaresi, R., Gasparini, S.O., Sperandio, G.A., Ferreira, L.H.B., and Souza-Junior, T.P. (2021). Strategies to Prevent Sarcopenia in the Aging Process: Role of Protein Intake and Exercise. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14010052"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Castillo, \u00cd.M., Rueda, R., Pereira, S.L., Bouzamondo, H., L\u00f3pez-Chicharro, J., Segura-Ortiz, F., and Atherton, P.J. (2025). Age-related anabolic resistance: Nutritional and exercise strategies, and potential relevance to life-long exercisers. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17223503"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2015-0550","article-title":"Protein \u201crequirements\u201d beyond the RDA: Implications for optimizing health","volume":"41","author":"Phillips","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmy003","article-title":"Perspective: Protein Requirements and Optimal Intakes in Aging: Are We Ready to Recommend More Than the Recommended Daily Allowance?","volume":"9","author":"Traylor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harris, S., DePalma, J., and Barkoukis, H. (2025). Protein and Aging: Practicalities and Practice. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17152461"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1159\/000499374","article-title":"on behalf of the German Nutrition Society (DGE). Revised Reference Values for the Intake of Protein","volume":"74","author":"Richter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nordic Council of Ministers (2014). Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2012: Integrating Nutrition and Physical Activity, Nordic Council of Ministers. [5th ed.].","DOI":"10.26530\/OAPEN_483279"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"National Health and Medical Research Council, Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing, and New Zealand Ministry of Health (2006). Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2012-120862","article-title":"Relative intake of macronutrients impacts risk of mild cognitive impairment or dementia","volume":"32","author":"Roberts","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e018573","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-018573","article-title":"The association between macronutrient intake and cognition in individuals aged under 65 in China: A cross-sectional study","volume":"8","author":"Ding","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-020-1317-4","article-title":"Association between Dietary Protein Intake and Cognitive Function in Adults Aged 60 Years and Older","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab236","article-title":"Long-term dietary protein intake and subjective cognitive decline in US men and women","volume":"115","author":"Yeh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205013666160401115127","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Genetic Risk Factor APOE-\u03b54 Also Affects Normal Brain Function","volume":"13","author":"Heinsinger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Alzheimer Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.03.004","article-title":"Interaction between APOE \u03b54 and dietary protein intake on cognitive decline: A longitudinal cohort study","volume":"40","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-024-01546-0","article-title":"Protein intake and episodic memory: The moderating role of the apolipoprotein E \u03b54 status","volume":"16","author":"Keum","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, T., Zheng, X., Xiao, S., Xue, B., Chen, C., Li, Y., Li, X., and Zhang, C. (2025). Effects of Protein Intake on Cognitive Function in Chinese Older Adults: A 10-Year Follow-Up Study. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17020272"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25424823251342486","DOI":"10.1177\/25424823251342486","article-title":"The association of dietary protein intake in three meals and cognitive performance among people over sixty years old","volume":"9","author":"Niu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis. Rep."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877241289379","article-title":"Dietary protein intake interacts with weak handgrip strength and cognitive impairment","volume":"102","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u0103c\u0103tu\u0219u, C.M., Grigorescu, E.D., Floria, M., Onofriescu, A., and Mihai, B.M. (2019). The Mediterranean Diet: From an Environment-Driven Food Culture to an Emerging Medical Prescription. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16060942"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31788-4","article-title":"Food in the Anthropocene: The EAT-Lancet Commission on healthy diets from sustainable food systems","volume":"393","author":"Willett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13047","article-title":"Nutrition and risk of dementia: Overview and methodological issues","volume":"1367","author":"Morris","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-024-02718-6","article-title":"Association between Mediterranean diet and dementia and Alzheimer disease: A systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"36","author":"Nucci","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.12523","article-title":"Barriers to adopting a Mediterranean diet in Northern European adults at high risk of developing cardiovascular disease","volume":"31","author":"Moore","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hum. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsofliou, F., Vlachos, D., Hughes, C., and Appleton, K.M. (2022). Barriers and Facilitators Associated with the Adoption of and Adherence to a Mediterranean Style Diet in Adults: A Systematic Review of Published Observational and Qualitative Studies. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14204314"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirwan, R., Newson, L., McCullough, D., Butler, T., Davies, I.G., and Perez de Heredia, F. (2023). Acceptability of a high-protein Mediterranean-style diet and resistance exercise protocol for cardiac rehabilitation patients: Involving service users in intervention design using a mixed-methods participatory approach. Front. Nutr., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1043391"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e070689","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-070689","article-title":"Effects of PROtein enriched MEDiterranean Diet and EXercise on nutritional status and cognition in adults at risk of undernutrition and cognitive decline: The PROMED-EX Randomised Controlled Trial","volume":"13","author":"Ward","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii39","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afae032","article-title":"The association between adherence to the EAT-Lancet diet and cognitive ageing","volume":"53","author":"Witkamp","year":"2024","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-025-03753-3","article-title":"Adherence to the EAT-Lancet diet and change in cognitive functioning in older adults","volume":"64","author":"Wijnhoven","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100166","article-title":"Associations between the EAT-Lancet planetary health diet and incident dementia","volume":"12","author":"Samuelsson","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Prev. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-025-01940-0","article-title":"Association between adherence to EAT-Lancet diet and risk of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity in adults","volume":"50","author":"Chen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2015.04.011","article-title":"MIND diet slows cognitive decline with aging","volume":"11","author":"Morris","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2014.11.009","article-title":"MIND diet associated with reduced incidence of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"11","author":"Morris","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vu, T.H.T., Beck, T., Bennett, D.A., Schneider, J.A., Hayden, K.M., Shadyab, A.H., Rajan, K.B., Morris, M.C., and Cornelis, M.C. (2022). Adherence to MIND Diet, Genetic Susceptibility, and Incident Dementia in Three US Cohorts. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14132759"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2025-336957","article-title":"Adherence to the MIND diet and longitudinal brain structural changes over a decade: Evidence from the Framingham heart study offspring cohort","volume":"97","author":"Chen","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2302368","article-title":"Trial of the MIND Diet for Prevention of Cognitive Decline in Older Persons","volume":"389","author":"Barnes","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, Y., Lai, G., Li, S., Lee, J., Chan, V., Lu, Z., Leung, J., Lai, K., Lam, K., and Auyeung, T.W. (2025). Adhering to Healthy Dietary Patterns Prevents Cognitive Decline of Older Adults with Sarcopenia: The Mr. OS and Ms. OS Study. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17193070"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1038\/s41514-026-00368-8","article-title":"Protein intake and its interaction with dietary patterns on clinical outcomes among older adults","volume":"12","author":"Marzetti","year":"2026","journal-title":"npj Aging"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Margara-Escudero, H.J., Zamora-Ros, R., de Villasante, I., Crous-Bou, M., Chirlaque, M.D., Amiano, P., Mar, J., Barricarte, A., Ardanaz, E., and Huerta, J.M. (2022). Association Between Egg Consumption and Dementia Risk in the EPIC-Spain Dementia Cohort. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.827307"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2024.05.012","article-title":"Association of Egg Intake With Alzheimer\u2019s Dementia Risk in Older Adults: The Rush Memory and Aging Project","volume":"154","author":"Pan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Igbinigie, P.O., Chen, R., Tang, J., Dregan, A., Yin, J., Acharya, D., Nadim, R., Chen, A., Bai, Z., and Amirabdollahian, F. (2024). Association between Egg Consumption and Dementia in Chinese Adults. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16193340"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101541","article-title":"Egg Intake and the Incidence of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease in the Adventist Health Study-2 Cohort Linked with Medicare Data","volume":"156","author":"Oh","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnha.2025.100696","article-title":"Egg intake and cognitive function in healthy adults: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"29","author":"Sultan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70198","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.70198","article-title":"Egg Consumption and Cognitive Function: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Pooled Analysis Exploring Optimal Daily Intake","volume":"39","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Hum. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van den Berg, L.A., Mes, J.J., Mensink, M., and Wanders, A.J. (2022). Protein quality of soy and the effect of processing: A quantitative review. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1004754"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, I.-S., Kim, C.-H., and Yang, W.-S. (2021). Physiologically Active Molecules and Functional Properties of Soybeans in Human Health\u2014A Current Perspective. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22084054"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Messina, M. (2016). Soy and Health Update: Evaluation of the Clinical and Epidemiologic Literature. Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8120754"},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"9182","article-title":"Effects of Dietary Soy and Its Constituents on Human Health: A Review","volume":"12","author":"Ahsan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. J. Sci. Tech. Res."},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"65","article-title":"Effect of Soy Protein Containing Isoflavones on Cognitive Function, Bone Mineral Density, and Plasma Lipids in Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"292","author":"Kok","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.11.033","article-title":"A possible cause of Alzheimer\u2019s dementia\u2014Industrial soy foods","volume":"82","author":"Roccisano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-017-0061-2","article-title":"Soy food and isoflavone intake reduces the risk of cognitive impairment in elderly Japanese women","volume":"72","author":"Nakamoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.64.335","article-title":"Soy-Based Foods Are Negatively Associated with Cognitive Decline in Taiwan\u2019s Elderly","volume":"64","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuz050","article-title":"Effects of soy isoflavones on cognitive function: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"78","author":"Cui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4045","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-022-02937-5","article-title":"JPHC Study Group. Soy product intake and risk of incident disabling dementia: The JPHC Disabling Dementia Study","volume":"61","author":"Murai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab289","article-title":"Longer-term soy nut consumption improves cerebral blood flow and psychomotor speed: Results of a randomized, controlled crossover trial in older men and women","volume":"114","author":"Kleinloog","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2022.100998","article-title":"Improvement of memory function via a combination of exercise and soy peptide supplementation in community-dwelling older adults: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"9","author":"Imaoka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Contemp. Clin. Trials Commun."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70080","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.70080","article-title":"Fermented soy products: A review of bioactives for health from fermentation to functionality","volume":"24","author":"Harahap","year":"2025","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"West, L.M., Sabat\u00e9, J., Nwachukwu, I.D., Lee, G.J., Sirirat, R., Wright, A., and Rajaram, S. (2025). Effects of Fermented Soy on Cognition in Older Adults: Outcomes of a Randomized, Controlled Trial. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17182936"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8247","DOI":"10.1021\/jf503047a","article-title":"Biological functionality of soyasaponins and soyasapogenols","volume":"62","author":"Guang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2025.118316","article-title":"Soyasapogenol B prevents sarcopenia by increasing skeletal muscle mass and function through the Sirt1\/PGC-1\u03b1 and PI3K pathway","volume":"189","author":"Ahn","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iqbal, D., Rizvi, S.M.D., Rehman, M.T., Khan, M.S., Bin Dukhyil, A., AlAjmi, M.F., Alshehri, B.M., Banawas, S., Zia, Q., and Alsaweed, M. (2022). Soyasapogenol-B as a Potential Multitarget Therapeutic Agent for Neurodegenerative Disorders: Molecular Docking and Dynamics Study. Entropy, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/e24050593"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9734","DOI":"10.1039\/D3FO02905K","article-title":"Effect of dietary supplementation with multinutrient soy flour on body composition and cognitive function in elderly individuals at the risk of low protein: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, J., and Zeng, H. (2025). Association of high consumption of soy products with the risk of cognitive impairment and major neurocognitive disorders: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Front. Nutr., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1635844"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mirzakulova, A., Sarsembaeva, T., Suleimenova, Z., Kowalski, \u0141., Gajdzik, B., Wolniak, R., and Bembenek, M. (2025). Whey: Composition, Processing, Application, and Prospects in Functional and Nutritional Beverages-A Review. Foods, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14183245"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lefferts, W.K., Augustine, J.A., Spartano, N.L., Hughes, W.E., Babcock, M.C., Heenan, B.K., and Heffernan, K.S. (2020). Effects of Whey Protein Supplementation on Aortic Stiffness, Cerebral Blood Flow, and Cognitive Function in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: Findings from the ANCHORS A-WHEY Clinical Trial. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12041054"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2024.112477","article-title":"Effects of resistance exercise and whey protein supplementation on cognitive function in older men: Secondary analysis of a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"193","author":"Griffen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2024.11.019","article-title":"Effect of a 12-mo intervention with whey protein powder on cognitive function in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"121","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2223","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glab165","article-title":"Milk, Yogurt, and Cheese Intake Is Positively Associated With Cognitive Executive Functions in Older Adults of the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging","volume":"76","author":"Tessier","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2101058","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.202101058","article-title":"PREDIMED-Plus investigators. Dairy Product Consumption and Changes in Cognitive Performance: Two-Year Analysis of the PREDIMED-Plus Cohort","volume":"66","author":"Ni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2751","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-023-03189-7","article-title":"Association between dairy intake and risk of incident dementia: The Ohsaki Cohort 2006 Study","volume":"62","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-230865","article-title":"The Relationship Between Fermented Dairy Consumption with Cognitive Function Among Older US Adults: Data from the NHANES 2011-2014","volume":"97","author":"Han","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Idrus, M., Bliuc, D., Mather, K.A., Brodaty, H., Sachdev, P.S., Numbers, K., and Dai, Z. (2026). Fermented Dairy Food Intake and Risk of Depression and Dementia in Later Life: Findings from a Prospective Cohort of Older Australians. Nutrients, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18071020"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e214343","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000214343","article-title":"High- and low-fat dairy consumption and long-term risk of dementia: Evidence from a 25-year prospective cohort study","volume":"106","author":"Du","year":"2026","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, J. (2025). Effects of branched-chain amino acids on the muscle-brain metabolic axis: Enhancing energy metabolism and neurological functions, and endurance exercise in aging-related conditions. Front. Nutr., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1709867"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2025.2576621","article-title":"Efficacy of branched chain amino acid administration on cognitive function: A systematic review","volume":"29","author":"Majid","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2021.104088","article-title":"Can fortified, nutrient-dense and enriched foods and drink-based nutrition interventions increase energy and protein intake in residential aged care residents? A systematic review with meta-analyses","volume":"124","author":"Sossen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Nurs. Stud."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3971","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2022.2137777","article-title":"Review of protein intake and suitability of foods for protein-fortification in older adults in the UK","volume":"64","author":"Smith","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-025-02969-x","article-title":"The efficacy of Sarcomeal\u00ae oral supplementation plus vitamin D3 on muscle parameters, metabolic factors, and quality of life in diabetic sarcopenia: A randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"37","author":"Heshmat","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2025.106683","article-title":"Impact of dietary protein hydrolysates on cognitive performance: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials involving adults","volume":"125","author":"Adams","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.5650\/jos.ess21195","article-title":"Intake of Docosahexaenoic Acid-Enriched Milk Beverage Prevents Age-Related Cognitive Decline and Decreases Serum Bone Resorption Marker Levels","volume":"70","author":"Ichinose","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Oleo Sci."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zajac, I.T., Herreen, D., Bastiaans, K., Dhillon, V.S., and Fenech, M. (2018). The Effect of Whey and Soy Protein Isolates on Cognitive Function in Older Australians with Low Vitamin B12: A Randomised Controlled Crossover Trial. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11010019"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e11011","article-title":"A soy-yoghurt-honey product as a therapeutic functional food: Mode of action and narrative review","volume":"8","author":"Berg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_128","first-page":"655","article-title":"Metabolic and Health Benefits of a Soy-Yogurt-Honey Meal Supplement as a Component of a Healthy Lifestyle Concept","volume":"27","author":"Berg","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Biomed. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shaikh, A., Ahmad, F., Teoh, S.L., Kumar, J., and Yahaya, M.F. (2023). Honey and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease\u2014Current Understanding and Future Prospects. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12020427"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zamri, N.A., Ghani, N., Ismail, C.A.N., Zakaria, R., and Shafin, N. (2023). Honey on brain health: A promising brain booster. Front. Aging Neurosci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.1092596"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Navarro-Hortal, M.D., Romero-M\u00e1rquez, J.M., Ansary, J., Hinojosa-Nogueira, D., Montalb\u00e1n-Hern\u00e1ndez, C., Varela-L\u00f3pez, A., and Quiles, J.L. (2025). Honey as a Neuroprotective Agent: Molecular Perspectives on Its Role in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17162577"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atlante, A., Amadoro, G., Bobba, A., and Latina, V. (2020). Functional Foods: An Approach to Modulate Molecular Mechanisms of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9112347"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2026.01.003","article-title":"The association between gut microbiota and cognitive decline: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"147","author":"Libriani","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dominguez, L.J., Veronese, N., Vernuccio, L., Catanese, G., Inzerillo, F., Salemi, G., and Barbagallo, M. (2021). Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Other Lifestyle Factors in the Prevention of Cognitive Decline and Dementia. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13114080"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Liu, C., Yuan, X., and Yin, H. (2026). The role of nutrition and multimodal lifestyle interventions in Alzheimer\u2019s prevention and management: A mini-review. Front. Nutr., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1818913"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/13\/2148\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T10:31:50Z","timestamp":1782988310000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/13\/2148"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"references-count":135,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["nu18132148"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu18132148","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]}}}