{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T11:21:28Z","timestamp":1783077688305,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Infertility is a multifactorial condition influenced by both medical factors and lifestyle-related determinants, including diet quality and nutritional supplementation. However, it is unclear which dietary patterns are optimal for women requiring assisted reproductive technology (ART). This study had two main objectives: (1) to assess dietary habits and the prevalence of nutritional supplementation among women with fertility disorders preparing for in vitro fertilization (IVF); (2) to develop, based primarily on a review of the scientific literature, a nutritional protocol to support women undergoing assisted reproductive procedures. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 61 women undergoing IVF treatment. Diet quality was assessed using the original ProFertiMed score (food-based score). Data regarding supplementation practices, anthropometric characteristics, and the number of IVF attempts were collected using a structured questionnaire. Statistical analyses (Chi-square test) were performed to evaluate associations between diet quality, supplementation practices, and clinical outcomes. Results: Only 8% of the respondents demonstrated a high level of dietary adherence according to the ProFertiMed score, suggesting that nutritional intervention should be implemented in the remaining 92% of women. Dietary supplement use was highly prevalent (95%), with participants taking a mean of 7 \u00b1 4 supplements (range: 1\u201317). No statistically significant association was observed between diet quality assessed using the ProFertiMed score and the number of IVF attempts (Chi-square test, p = 0.85). Conclusions: The ProFertiMed score appears to be a promising tool for assessing diet-related factors in the context of assisted reproduction and may be particularly valuable when applied at the time of female infertility diagnosis, allowing for the early identification and modification of dietary factors that may affect reproductive outcomes. The proposed protocol, which is primarily based on the scientific literature, outlines key aspects of supportive nutritional management that may contribute to preconception preparation; however, its potential impact on IVF outcomes has not yet been empirically confirmed and should be evaluated in future studies. Therefore, further refinement and validation are required before its implementation in clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18132161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T09:34:11Z","timestamp":1783071251000},"page":"2161","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessment of the Dietary Habits of Women with Fertility Disorders Preparing for In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) and Development of Nutritional Protocol for Women Undergoing IVF"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Szuli\u0144ska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dietetics, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS), 159C Nowoursynowska Str., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahla","family":"Wunderlich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Studies, Montclair State University, 1 Normal Avenue, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3071-7593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danuta","family":"Gajewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dietetics, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS), 159C Nowoursynowska Str., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17559","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-01498-x","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of female infertility and trends from 1990 to 2021 with projections to 2050 based on the GBD 2021 analysis","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s43043-025-00257-2","article-title":"Innovations and challenges in modern infertility treatment: Bridging technology and psychosocial care","volume":"30","author":"Hussain","year":"2025","journal-title":"Middle East Fertil. Soc. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.02.004","article-title":"Dietary patterns and outcomes of assisted reproduction","volume":"220","author":"Gaskins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-019-0520-9","article-title":"Mediterranean diet improves embryo yield in IVF: A prospective cohort study","volume":"17","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-021-00757-7","article-title":"Female dietary patterns and outcomes of in vitro fertilization (IVF): A systematic literature review","volume":"21","author":"Sanderman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025). Guideline for the Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Infertility, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Narodowe Centrum Edukacji \u017bywieniowej (2026, June 23). Talerz Zdrowego \u017bywienia, Available online: https:\/\/ncez.pzh.gov.pl\/."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9139","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7115459","article-title":"Definition of the Mediterranean diet: A literature review","volume":"7","author":"Davis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2006.12.009","article-title":"Adherence to the Mediterranean food pattern predicts the prevalence of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes and obesity among healthy adults: The accuracy of the MedDietScore","volume":"44","author":"Panagiotakos","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1080\/09637486.2017.1287884","article-title":"Validation of a literature-based adherence score to Mediterranean diet: The MEDI-LITE score","volume":"68","author":"Sofi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000884","article-title":"Relation of DASH- and Mediterranean-like dietary patterns to cognitive decline in older persons","volume":"83","author":"Tangney","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2302368","article-title":"Trial of the MIND diet for prevention of cognitive decline in older persons","volume":"389","author":"Barnes","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (2026, May 08). DASH Eating Plan, Available online: https:\/\/www.nhlbi.nih.gov\/health\/dash-eating-plan."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2023.103770","article-title":"Nutritional supplements and IVF: An evidence-based approach","volume":"48","author":"Hart","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reprod. Biomed. Online"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2013.11.008","article-title":"Female dietary antioxidant intake and time to pregnancy","volume":"101","author":"Ruder","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Rychlik, E., Sto\u015b, K., Wo\u017aniak, A., and Mojska, H. (2024). Normy \u017bywienia dla Populacji Polski, NIZP PZH\u2013PIB."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u0142udowski, P., Kos-Kud\u0142a, B., Walczak, M., Fal, A., Zozuli\u0144ska-Zi\u00f3\u0142kiewicz, D., Sieroszewski, P., Peregud-Pogorzelski, J., Lauterbach, R., Targowski, T., and Lewi\u0144ski, A. (2023). Guidelines for preventing and treating vitamin D deficiency: A 2023 update in Poland. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15030695"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"154","article-title":"Stanowisko Ekspert\u00f3w Polskiego Towarzystwa Ginekolog\u00f3w i Po\u0142o\u017cnik\u00f3w w zakresie suplementacji folian\u00f3w oraz warunk\u00f3w stosowania dodatkowej suplementacji choliny oraz witamin B6 i B12 w okresie przedkoncepcyjnym, ci\u0105\u017cy i po\u0142ogu","volume":"9","author":"Drews","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ginekol. Perinatol. Prakt."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dey003","article-title":"Adherence to the Mediterranean diet and IVF success rate among non-obese women attempting fertility","volume":"33","author":"Karayiannis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Winter, H.G., Rolnik, D.L., Mol, B.W.J., Torkel, S., Alesi, S., Mousa, A., Habibi, N., Silva, T.R., Oi Cheung, T., and Thien Tay, C. (2023). Can dietary patterns impact fertility outcomes? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15112589"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maldonado-C\u00e1rceles, A.B., Souter, I., Li, M.C., Mitsunami, M., Dimitriadis, I., Ford, J.B., M\u00ednguez-Alarc\u00f3n, L., Chavarro, J.E., and EARTH Study Team (2025). Antioxidant intake and ovarian reserve in women attending a fertility center. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17030554"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alesi, S., Grieger, J.A., Teede, H., H\u00e9bert, J.R., Moss, R.K., Price, S., Hodge, A., Moran, L., and Mousa, A. (2025). Diet and female fertility: A population-based study re-evaluating the need for prescriptive dietary patterns. Front. Nutr., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1682549"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.02.015","article-title":"Maternal whole grain intake and outcomes of in vitro fertilization","volume":"105","author":"Gaskins","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advnut.2023.100153","article-title":"Nut consumption and fertility: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Cardoso","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cristodoro, M., Zambella, E., Fietta, I., Inversetti, A., and Di Simone, N. (2024). Dietary patterns and fertility. Biology, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology13020131"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.04.006","article-title":"Dietary intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids, their food sources and fertility in females and males: A preconception prospective population-based cohort study","volume":"121","author":"Schipper","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Urata, Y., Harada, M., Komiya, S., Akiyama, I., Tuchida, C., Nakaoka, Y., Fukuda, A., Morimoto, Y., Kawahara, T., and Ishikawa, Y. (2024). Lifestyle and fertility-specific quality of life affect reproductive outcomes in couples undergoing in vitro fertilization. Front. Endocrinol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1346084"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2372","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmab068","article-title":"Female fertility and the nutritional approach: The most essential aspects","volume":"12","author":"Skoracka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0141akoma, K., Kukharuk, O., and \u015ali\u017c, D. (2023). The influence of metabolic factors and diet on fertility. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15051180"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i4262","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i4262","article-title":"Alcohol consumption and fecundability: Prospective Danish cohort study","volume":"354","author":"Mikkelsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2329","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(26)00717-8","article-title":"Polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome, the new name for polycystic ovary syndrome: A multistep global consensus process","volume":"407","author":"Teede","year":"2026","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000287293.25465.e1","article-title":"Diet and lifestyle in the prevention of ovulatory disorder infertility","volume":"110","author":"Chavarro","year":"2007","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S513360","article-title":"Optimizing pregnancy outcomes: The role of gynecologists in preconceptional care in Italy","volume":"17","author":"Valensise","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dupont, C., Aegerter, P., Foucaut, A.-M., Reyre, A., Lhuissier, F.J., Bourgain, M., Chabbert-Buffet, N., C\u00e9drin-Durnerin, I., Selleret, L., and Cosson, E. (2020). Effectiveness of a therapeutic multiple-lifestyle intervention taking into account the periconceptional environment in the management of infertile couples: Study design of a randomized controlled trial\u2014The PEPCI study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-020-2855-9"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Obesity Education Initiative Expert Panel on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Obesity in Adults (2026, June 23). Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults: The Evidence Report, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK2004\/."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-016-4218-3","article-title":"Calculation of optimal gestation weight gain in pre-pregnancy underweight women due to body mass index change in relation to mother\u2019s height","volume":"295","author":"Roje","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-022-04835-6","article-title":"Comparison of daily oral iron replacement therapy with every other day treatment in female reproductive age patients with iron-deficiency anemia","volume":"101","author":"Can","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Godfrey, K.M., Titcombe, P., El-Heis, S., Albert, B.B., Tham, E.H., Barton, S.J., Kenealy, T., Chong, M.F.-F., Nield, H., and Chong, Y.S. (2023). Maternal B-vitamin and vitamin D status before, during, and after pregnancy and the influence of supplementation preconception and during pregnancy: Prespecified secondary analysis of the NiPPeR double-blind randomized controlled trial. PLoS Med., 20.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.06.19.23291584"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2017.12.011","article-title":"Vitamin D: Effects on human reproduction, pregnancy, and fetal well-being","volume":"180","author":"Heyden","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2026.105527","article-title":"Diet in assisted reproductive technology: What should we recommend? A systematic review from current evidence to tailored nutritional approaches for enhancing reproductive success","volume":"53","author":"Fabozzi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Reprod. Biomed. Online"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kohil, A., Chouliaras, S., Alabduljabbar, S., Lakshmanan, A.P., Ahmed, S.H., Awwad, J., and Terranegra, A. (2022). Female infertility and diet, is there a role for a personalized nutritional approach in assisted reproductive technologies? A narrative review. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.927972"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-025-02059-1","article-title":"Relationships between inflammatory indicators, nutritional status, and metabolic status and female infertility","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reprod. Health"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"316","article-title":"Dietary patterns and the outcomes of assisted reproductive techniques in women with primary infertility: A prospective cohort study","volume":"12","author":"Jahangirifar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2096","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2009.12.079","article-title":"The preconception Mediterranean dietary pattern in couples undergoing in vitro fertilization\/intracytoplasmic sperm injection treatment increases the chance of pregnancy","volume":"94","author":"Vujkovic","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donato, M., Capalbo, A., Morizio, E., Fratini, R.M., Pilenzi, L., D\u2019Antonio, F., Stuppia, L., Vitacolonna, E., Gatta, V., and Konstantinidou, F. (2025). The role of lifestyle intervention in female fertility: A modifiable factor for preconception health. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17132101"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V\u00e1gv\u00f6lgyi, A., Vedelek, V., Keller, N., Sz\u00f6ll\u0151si, D., Lada, S., Nemes, A., Kempler, P., Menyh\u00e1rt, A., Baczk\u00f3, I., and V\u00e1rkonyi, T. (2025). The impact of obesity and weight loss treatment on metabolic parameters, cardiovascular autonomic and sensory nerve function and in vitro fertilization outcomes in infertile women: A pilot study. Front. Endocrinol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1548587"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baric, A., Flannagan, L., Martinez-Steele, E., Bauer, A., and Christoforou, A. (Nutr. Health, 2026). Ultra-processed food intake and Mediterranean diet adherence in relation to fertility status in U.S. women: Findings from NHANES 2013\u20132018, Nutr. Health, in press.","DOI":"10.1177\/02601060261433154"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deag023","article-title":"Periconceptional ultra-processed food consumption in women and men, fertility, and early embryonic development","volume":"41","author":"Lin","year":"2026","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maugeri, A., Barchitta, M., Favara, G., Magnano San Lio, R., Ojeda-Granados, C., Alonzo, E., Bellavia, D., Bonaccio, M., Di Nucci, A., and Donfrancesco, C. (2025). The role of diet in women of childbearing age: Current evidence supporting nutritional recommendations. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17223505"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"52","article-title":"Folic acid supplementation and pregnancy: More than just neural tube defect prevention","volume":"4","author":"Greenberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palomares, A.R., Ruiz-Galdon, M., Liu, K., Reyes-Engel, A., and Rodriguez-Wallberg, K.A. (2022). Profiling the influence of gene variants related to folate-mediated one-carbon metabolism on the outcome of in vitro fertilization (IVF) with donor oocytes in recipients receiving folic acid fortification. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911298"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rubini, E., Snoek, K.M., Schoenmakers, S., Willemsen, S.P., Sinclair, K.D., Rousian, M., and Steegers-Theunissen, R.P.M. (2022). First trimester maternal homocysteine and embryonic and fetal growth: The Rotterdam Periconception Cohort. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14061129"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.37290\/ctnr2641-452X.22:1145-1150","article-title":"Coenzyme Q10 supplementation improves ovarian function and folliculogenesis in women undergoing in vitro fertilization","volume":"22","author":"Mengying","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Nutraceutical Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gullo, G., Zaami, S., Streva, A.V., Burgio, S., Billone, V., Kotlik, Y., Chitoran, E., Ganduscio, S., Baglio, G., and Perino, A. (2025). Multivitamin supplementation and fertility outcome: A retrospective single-center cohort study and the clinical and medicolegal value of nutritional counseling. Life, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/life15010048"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, J.Y., Gao, D.D., Cao, X.L., Xiang, S., Chen, Y.H., Teng, Y.L., Li, X.F., Liu, H.P., Wang, F.X., and Zhang, B. (2021). The role of traditional Chinese formula Ding-Kun Pill (DKP) in expected poor ovarian response women (POSEIDON Group 4) undergoing in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Front. Endocrinol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.675997"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"715","article-title":"The impact of oral multinutrient supplementation on in vitro fertilisation or intracytoplasmic sperm injection outcomes: A prospective controlled study","volume":"79","author":"Gopinath","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med. J. Malays."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vitagliano, A., Petre, G.C., Francini-Pesenti, F., De Toni, L., Di Nisio, A., Grande, G., Foresta, C., and Garolla, A. (2021). Dietary supplements for female infertility: A critical review of their composition. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103552"},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Bonavina, G., and Taylor, H.S. (2022). Endometriosis-associated infertility. Front. Endocrinol., 13."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-025-08124-1","article-title":"Endometriosis and infertility: Pathophysiology, treatment strategies, and reproductive outcomes","volume":"312","author":"Elizur","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.5114\/pm.2022.116437","article-title":"Impact of lifestyle and diet on endometriosis: A fresh look to a busy corner","volume":"21","author":"Habib","year":"2022","journal-title":"Menopausal Rev."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bucci, I., Giuliani, C., Di Dalmazi, G., Formoso, G., and Napolitano, G. (2022). Thyroid autoimmunity in female infertility and assisted reproductive technology outcome. Front. Endocrinol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.768363"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Popa, E.C., Maghiar, L., Maghiar, T.A., Brihan, I., Georgescu, L.M., Todera\u0219, B.A., Sachelarie, L., Hurjui, L.L., and Huniadi, A. (2025). Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis and female infertility: A clinical and statistical investigation of endocrine and ovarian markers. J. Clin. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14134770"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"982705","article-title":"High prevalence of infertility among women with Graves\u2019 disease and Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis","volume":"2014","author":"Tambascia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-023-01120-7","article-title":"PCOS and IVF outcomes","volume":"21","author":"Kotlyar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2439","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-022-02625-7","article-title":"A brief insight into the etiology, genetics, and immunology of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)","volume":"39","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Assist. Reprod. Genet."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gautam, R., Maan, P., Jyoti, A., Kumar, A., Malhotra, N., and Arora, T. (2025). The role of lifestyle interventions in PCOS management: A systematic review. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17020310"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9240569","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9240569","article-title":"Association of insulin resistance and elevated androgen levels with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS): A review of literature","volume":"2022","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Healthc. Eng."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lei, R., Chen, S., and Li, W. (2024). Advances in the study of the correlation between insulin resistance and infertility. Front. Endocrinol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1288326"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/13\/2161\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T10:37:23Z","timestamp":1783075043000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/13\/2161"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["nu18132161"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu18132161","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]}}}