{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T11:17:51Z","timestamp":1783423071932,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":263,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder characterized by impaired glucose metabolism, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, oxidative stress, and progressive cognitive decline. Because currently available pharmacological therapies provide only modest symptomatic benefit, nutrition-based interventions are increasingly being explored as complementary strategies for supporting brain metabolism and cognitive resilience. The KetoFLEX 12\/3 dietary pattern, developed within the ReCODE (Reversal of Cognitive Decline) program, is a plant-rich, mildly ketogenic nutrition and lifestyle framework that integrates low-glycemic nutrition, time-restricted eating, and personalized metabolic optimization. The diet emphasizes deeply pigmented non-starchy vegetables, extra-virgin olive oil, nuts and seeds, omega-3-rich seafood, and minimally processed foods while limiting refined carbohydrates, sugars, processed foods, and selected grains and dairy products. Emerging mechanistic and clinical evidence suggests that KetoFLEX 12\/3 may influence several pathways relevant to AD pathophysiology, including insulin signaling, mitochondrial bioenergetics, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, autophagy, detoxification pathways, and gut\u2013brain axis function. Observational findings from ReCODE-related studies have reported improvements in metabolic parameters, mood-related outcomes, cognitive measures, and brain volumetrics in participants adhering to multimodal precision-medicine interventions incorporating the KetoFLEX principles. Compared with traditional dietary models such as the Mediterranean or MIND diets, KetoFLEX 12\/3 places greater emphasis on mild nutritional ketosis, meal timing, and metabolic personalization based on factors such as ApoE genotype and insulin sensitivity. The objective of this Perspective is to examine the mechanistic rationale, emerging evidence, limitations, and future research priorities for KetoFLEX 12\/3 as a precision-nutrition framework for cognitive health in AD. Although much of the current evidence remains mechanistic, observational, or derived from multimodal intervention studies, the framework offers a biologically plausible precision-nutrition model that may inform future research and clinical investigation in cognitive decline.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18132206","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T09:53:46Z","timestamp":1783418026000},"page":"2206","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["KetoFLEX 12\/3 Diet and Cognitive Health: A Precision-Nutrition Perspective on Mechanisms, Emerging Evidence, and Future Directions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Rammohan V.","family":"Rao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Apollo Health, Burlingame, CA 94010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaavya G.","family":"Subramaniam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Gregory","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Apollo Health, Burlingame, CA 94010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aida L.","family":"Bredesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Apollo Health, Burlingame, CA 94010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Coward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Apollo Health, Burlingame, CA 94010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sho","family":"Okada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Apollo Health, Burlingame, CA 94010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lance","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Apollo Health, Burlingame, CA 94010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1984-5220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dale E.","family":"Bredesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Apollo Health, Burlingame, CA 94010, USA"},{"name":"Pacific Neuroscience Institute, Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alzheimer\u2019s Association (2024). 2024 Alzheimer\u2019s disease facts and figures. Alzheimers Dement., 20, 3708\u20133821.","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13809"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-215707","article-title":"Precision Medicine Approach to Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Successful Pilot Project","volume":"88","author":"Toups","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000240","article-title":"Contribution of Alzheimer disease to mortality in the United States","volume":"82","author":"James","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60461-5","article-title":"A 2 year multidomain intervention of diet, exercise, cognitive training, and vascular risk monitoring versus control to prevent cognitive decline in at-risk elderly people (FINGER): A randomised controlled trial","volume":"385","author":"Ngandu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2012.09.012","article-title":"The Finnish Geriatric Intervention Study to Prevent Cognitive Impairment and Disability (FINGER): Study design and progress","volume":"9","author":"Kivipelto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2019.08.198","article-title":"Individualized clinical management of patients at risk for Alzheimer\u2019s dementia","volume":"15","author":"Isaacson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines7040097","article-title":"Reasons for Failed Trials of Disease-Modifying Treatments for Alzheimer Disease and Their Contribution in Recent Research","volume":"7","author":"Yiannopoulou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1080\/13543784.2017.1323868","article-title":"Why do trials for Alzheimer\u2019s disease drugs keep failing? A discontinued drug perspective for 2010-2015","volume":"26","author":"Mehta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2016.02.002","article-title":"Preclinical Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Definition, natural history, and diagnostic criteria","volume":"12","author":"Dubois","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.100981","article-title":"Reversal of cognitive decline in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"8","author":"Bredesen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9101348","article-title":"ReCODE: A Personalized, Targeted, Multi-Factorial Therapeutic Program for Reversal of Cognitive Decline","volume":"9","author":"Rao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-021-00452-5","article-title":"Protective genes and pathways in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Moving towards precision interventions","volume":"16","author":"Seto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-230004","article-title":"Observed Improvement in Cognition During a Personalized Lifestyle Intervention in People with Cognitive Decline","volume":"94","author":"Sandison","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5173","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13069","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease heterogeneity explained by polygenic risk scores derived from brain transcriptomic profiles","volume":"19","author":"Chung","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-230467","article-title":"Precision Medicine Approach to Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Rationale and Implications","volume":"96","author":"Bredesen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"8","article-title":"Heterogeneity in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Diagnosis and Progression Rates: Implications for Therapeutic Trials","volume":"19","author":"Duara","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurother. J. Am. Soc. Exp. Neurother."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7384","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.14063","article-title":"Pathways to personalized medicine-Embracing heterogeneity for progress in clinical therapeutics research in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"20","author":"Arnold","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soldevila-Domenech, N., Boronat, A., Langohr, K., and de la Torre, R. (2019). N-of-1 Clinical Trials in Nutritional Interventions Directed at Improving Cognitive Function. Front. Nutr., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2019.00110"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.3233\/ADR-200185","article-title":"A Comprehensive, Multi-Modal Strategy to Mitigate Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Risk Factors Improves Aspects of Metabolism and Offsets Cognitive Decline in Individuals with Cognitive Impairment","volume":"4","author":"Schechter","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis. Rep."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI59903","article-title":"Demonstrated brain insulin resistance in Alzheimer\u2019s disease patients is associated with IGF-1 resistance, IRS-1 dysregulation, and cognitive decline","volume":"122","author":"Talbot","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.02.014","article-title":"Inflammatory markers and the risk of dementia and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Darweesh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2016.04.017","article-title":"Common neurodegenerative pathways in obesity, diabetes, and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"1863","author":"Pugazhenthi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gutierrez, L., Folch, A., Rojas, M., Cantero, J.L., Atienza, M., Folch, J., Camins, A., Ruiz, A., Papandreou, C., and Bullo, M. (2021). Effects of Nutrition on Cognitive Function in Adults with or without Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13113728"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1146","article-title":"Adherence to a Mediterranean diet, cognitive decline, and risk of dementia","volume":"302","author":"Feart","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2015.04.011","article-title":"MIND diet slows cognitive decline with aging","volume":"11","author":"Morris","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-180468","article-title":"Dietary Patterns and Cognitive Health in Older Adults: A Systematic Review","volume":"67","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vinciguerra, F., Graziano, M., Hagnas, M., Frittitta, L., and Tumminia, A. (2020). Influence of the Mediterranean and Ketogenic Diets on Cognitive Status and Decline: A Narrative Review. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12041019"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e212","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000006784","article-title":"Lifestyle and neurocognition in older adults with cognitive impairments: A randomized trial","volume":"92","author":"Blumenthal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.16252","article-title":"Longer Term Effects of Diet and Exercise on Neurocognition: 1-Year Follow-up of the ENLIGHTEN Trial","volume":"68","author":"Blumenthal","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-190569","article-title":"Association Between Insulin Resistance, Plasma Leptin, and Neurocognition in Vascular Cognitive Impairment","volume":"71","author":"Smith","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2021.106270","article-title":"Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) study: Rationale, design and baseline characteristics of a randomized control trial of the MIND diet on cognitive decline","volume":"102","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Contemp. Clin. Trials"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"14","article-title":"Mediterranean diet and cognitive function in older adults","volume":"13","author":"Feart","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1159\/000464269","article-title":"Association of Adherence to a Healthy Diet with Cognitive Decline in European and American Older Adults: A Meta-Analysis within the CHANCES Consortium","volume":"43","author":"Berendsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2016.11.026","article-title":"The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Diet, Cognitive Function, and Cognitive Decline in American Older Women","volume":"18","author":"Berendsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmz054","article-title":"The Mediterranean, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), and Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) Diets Are Associated with Less Cognitive Decline and a Lower Risk of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease-A Review","volume":"10","author":"Berendsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.10.001","article-title":"Dietary changes and cognition over 2 years within a multidomain intervention trial-The Finnish Geriatric Intervention Study to Prevent Cognitive Impairment and Disability (FINGER)","volume":"15","author":"Lehtisalo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2014.11.009","article-title":"MIND diet associated with reduced incidence of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"11","author":"Morris","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duplantier, S.C., and Gardner, C.D. (2021). A Critical Review of the Study of Neuroprotective Diets to Reduce Cognitive Decline. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13072264"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-017-0005-x","article-title":"Fruit and vegetable intake and cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"72","author":"Mottaghi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmaa153","article-title":"Nut Consumption for Cognitive Performance: A Systematic Review","volume":"12","author":"Theodore","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2019.07.017","article-title":"Extra-virgin olive oil for potential prevention of Alzheimer disease","volume":"175","author":"Roman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Omar, S.H. (2019). Mediterranean and MIND Diets Containing Olive Biophenols Reduces the Prevalence of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20112797"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2005.09.026","article-title":"Dietary intake of unsaturated fatty acids and age-related cognitive decline: A 8.5-year follow-up of the Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging","volume":"27","author":"Solfrizzi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwm036","article-title":"Flavonoid intake and cognitive decline over a 10-year period","volume":"165","author":"Letenneur","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.112.193060","article-title":"Benefits in cognitive function, blood pressure, and insulin resistance through cocoa flavanol consumption in elderly subjects with mild cognitive impairment: The Cocoa, Cognition, and Aging (CoCoA) study","volume":"60","author":"Desideri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.112.193995","article-title":"Protective effects of flavanol-rich dark chocolate on endothelial function and wave reflection during acute hyperglycemia","volume":"60","author":"Grassi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toups, K., Tanio, C.P., Hathaway, A., Bergman, N., Burke, K., Haase, D., Cole, S., Aita, S.L., Raji, C., and Boyd, A. (2026). Precision Medicine Treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Successful Randomized Controlled Trial. Preprints.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202512.2694.v3"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2025.101982","article-title":"The gut microbiota-immune-brain axis: Therapeutic implications","volume":"6","author":"Moloney","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shang, W., Gu, Z., Li, L., Cheng, L., and Hong, Y. (2025). Mechanisms of a Ketogenic Diet and High-Carbohydrate Diets on Cognitive Impairment and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis. Nutr. Rev., nuaf198.","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuaf198"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70091","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.70091","article-title":"The Gut Microbiota Modulates Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Elucidating Crucial Factors and Mechanistic Underpinnings","volume":"30","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pfaffinger, J.M., Hays, K.E., Seeley, J., Ramesh Babu, P., and Ryznar, R. (2025). Gut dysbiosis as a potential driver of Parkinson\u2019s and Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathogenesis. Front. Neurosci., 19.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2025.1600148"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s43556-025-00307-1","article-title":"Microbiota-gut-brain axis in neurodegenerative diseases: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-2258","article-title":"Associations Between Dietary Patterns and Incident Type 2 Diabetes: Prospective Cohort Study of 120,343 UK Biobank Participants","volume":"45","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmz114","article-title":"Perspective: Whole and Refined Grains and Health-Evidence Supporting \u201cMake Half Your Grains Whole\u201d","volume":"11","author":"Jones","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.29106","article-title":"Whole- and refined-grain intakes are differentially associated with abdominal visceral and subcutaneous adiposity in healthy adults: The Framingham Heart Study","volume":"92","author":"McKeown","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.03.023","article-title":"Gliadin induces an increase in intestinal permeability and zonulin release by binding to the chemokine receptor CXCR3","volume":"135","author":"Lammers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7548","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24087548","article-title":"Zonulin as a Potential Therapeutic Target in Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis Disorders: Encouraging Results and Emerging Questions","volume":"24","author":"Szasz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cenni, S., Sesenna, V., Boiardi, G., Casertano, M., Russo, G., Reginelli, A., Esposito, S., and Strisciuglio, C. (2023). The Role of Gluten in Gastrointestinal Disorders: A Review. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15071615"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"85","article-title":"What role does wheat play in the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome?","volume":"9","author":"Eswaran","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5030771","article-title":"The dietary intake of wheat and other cereal grains and their role in inflammation","volume":"5","author":"Pruimboom","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9366","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25179366","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review of the Triangular Relationship among Diet-Gut Microbiota-Inflammation","volume":"25","author":"Randeni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2667","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)01565-X","article-title":"Ultra-processed foods and human health: The main thesis and the evidence","volume":"406","author":"Monteiro","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2019.5942","article-title":"Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Participants of the NutriNet-Sante Prospective Cohort","volume":"180","author":"Srour","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2018.2933","article-title":"The Carbohydrate-Insulin Model of Obesity: Beyond \u201cCalories In, Calories Out\u201d","volume":"178","author":"Ludwig","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, G.Y., Lim, J.H., Joung, H., and Yoon, D. (2024). Association Between Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Metabolic Disorders in Children and Adolescents with Obesity. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16203524"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13793","article-title":"Artificial sweeteners induce glucose intolerance by altering the gut microbiota","volume":"514","author":"Suez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000898","DOI":"10.1136\/openhrt-2018-000898","article-title":"Omega-6 vegetable oils as a driver of coronary heart disease: The oxidized linoleic acid hypothesis","volume":"5","author":"DiNicolantonio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Heart"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2018.02.004","article-title":"Plant-based diets and cardiovascular health","volume":"28","author":"Satija","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1038\/s41538-024-00362-y","article-title":"Utilization of plant-based foods for effective prevention of chronic diseases: A longitudinal cohort study","volume":"8","author":"Liang","year":"2024","journal-title":"npj Sci. Food"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.01.036","article-title":"Sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes: Epidemiologic evidence","volume":"100","author":"Hu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2901","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5082901","article-title":"Dietary omega-3 fatty acid deficiency and high fructose intake in the development of metabolic syndrome, brain metabolic abnormalities, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"5","author":"Simopoulos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-012-0259-6","article-title":"Sweeteners and Risk of Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes: The Role of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages","volume":"12","author":"Malik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Diabetes Rep."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.3945\/an.112.002816","article-title":"Energy and fructose from beverages sweetened with sugar or high-fructose corn syrup pose a health risk for some people","volume":"4","author":"Bray","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2010.07.021","article-title":"Brain fuel metabolism, aging, and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"27","author":"Cunnane","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/482027a","article-title":"Public health: The toxic truth about sugar","volume":"482","author":"Lustig","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30231-3","article-title":"Brain insulin resistance in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and related disorders: Mechanisms and therapeutic approaches","volume":"19","author":"Kellar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1177\/193229680800200619","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease is type 3 diabetes-evidence reviewed","volume":"2","author":"Wands","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001146","article-title":"Popular Dietary Patterns: Alignment with American Heart Association 2021 Dietary Guidance: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association","volume":"147","author":"Gardner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30267-9","article-title":"The link between type 2 diabetes and dementia: From biomarkers to treatment","volume":"8","author":"Beeri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.2174\/156720508785908919","article-title":"Insulin resistance and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Molecular links & clinical implications","volume":"5","author":"Neumann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Alzheimer Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-018-0048-7","article-title":"Cognitive decline and dementia in diabetes mellitus: Mechanisms and clinical implications","volume":"14","author":"Biessels","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20600","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-47566-y","article-title":"Cumulative effect of impaired fasting glucose on the risk of dementia in middle-aged and elderly people: A nationwide cohort study","volume":"13","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-9-48","article-title":"The insulinogenic effect of whey protein is partially mediated by a direct effect of amino acids and GIP on beta-cells","volume":"9","author":"Salehi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-11-83","article-title":"The glycemic, insulinemic and plasma amino acid responses to equi-carbohydrate milk meals, a pilot- study of bovine and human milk","volume":"11","author":"Gunnerud","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2100069","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.202100069","article-title":"Effect of Reversal of Whey-Protein to Casein Ratio of Cow Milk, on Insulin, Incretin, and Amino Acid Responses in Humans","volume":"65","author":"Toffolon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-016-0147-z","article-title":"Effects of milk containing only A2 beta casein versus milk containing both A1 and A2 beta casein proteins on gastrointestinal physiology, symptoms of discomfort, and cognitive behavior of people with self-reported intolerance to traditional cows\u2019 milk","volume":"15","author":"Jianqin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.059030","article-title":"Dairy products and the risk of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"98","author":"Aune","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.3945\/an.116.013953","article-title":"Systematic Review of the Gastrointestinal Effects of A1 Compared with A2 beta-Casein","volume":"8","author":"Dwyer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuy063","article-title":"Milk A1 beta-casein and health-related outcomes in humans: A systematic review","volume":"77","author":"Lohner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2021.02.003","article-title":"Lactose intolerance: An update on its pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"89","author":"Catanzaro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8020","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7095380","article-title":"Lactose Intolerance in Adults: Biological Mechanism and Dietary Management","volume":"7","author":"Deng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-023-01428-5","article-title":"A2 milk consumption and its health benefits: An update","volume":"33","author":"Jeong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3855","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12123855","article-title":"Milk Containing A2 beta-Casein ONLY, as a Single Meal, Causes Fewer Symptoms of Lactose Intolerance than Milk Containing A1 and A2 beta-Caseins in Subjects with Lactose Maldigestion and Intolerance: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Crossover Trial","volume":"12","author":"Ramakrishnan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-017-0275-0","article-title":"Effects of cow\u2019s milk beta-casein variants on symptoms of milk intolerance in Chinese adults: A multicentre, randomised controlled study","volume":"16","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-016-0201-x","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of glutathione concentrations after consumption of milk containing different subtypes of beta-casein: Results from a randomized, cross-over clinical trial","volume":"15","author":"Deth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3924","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13113924","article-title":"APOE varepsilon4 Is Associated with Postprandial Inflammation in Older Adults with Metabolic Syndrome Traits","volume":"13","author":"Schonknecht","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnha.2024.100211","article-title":"Dietary fats and the APOE-e4 risk allele in relation to cognitive decline: A longitudinal investigation in a biracial population sample","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5742","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13358","article-title":"Associations of dietary cholesterol and fat, blood lipids, and risk for dementia in older women vary by APOE genotype","volume":"19","author":"Dunk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1705-4","article-title":"A Scoping Review of Dietary Factors Conferring Risk or Protection for Cognitive Decline in APOE epsilon4 Carriers","volume":"25","author":"Fote","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8299","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0500579102","article-title":"Correlations between apolipoprotein E epsilon4 gene dose and brain-imaging measurements of regional hypometabolism","volume":"102","author":"Reiman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1427.007","article-title":"Brain glucose hypometabolism and oxidative stress in preclinical Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"1147","author":"Mosconi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12999","article-title":"Can ketones compensate for deteriorating brain glucose uptake during aging? Implications for the risk and treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"1367","author":"Cunnane","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.2174\/156720507780362137","article-title":"Insulin resistance and Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathogenesis: Potential mechanisms and implications for treatment","volume":"4","author":"Craft","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Alzheimer Res."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.185","article-title":"Brain insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer disease: Concepts and conundrums","volume":"14","author":"Arnold","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rusek, M., Pluta, R., Ulamek-Koziol, M., and Czuczwar, S.J. (2019). Ketogenic Diet in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20163892"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13806","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.13806","article-title":"Multimodal strategy to rescue the brain in mild cognitive impairment: Ketogenic oral nutrition supplementation with B vitamins and aerobic exercise","volume":"52","author":"Cunnane","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2021.1217","article-title":"Effects of Ketogenic Diet on Neuroinflammation in Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"13","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2303","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X20666220830102628","article-title":"Ketogenic Diet: An Effective Treatment Approach for Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"20","author":"Tao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bohnen, J.L.B., Albin, R.L., and Bohnen, N.I. (2023). Ketogenic interventions in mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer\u2019s disease, and Parkinson\u2019s disease: A systematic review and critical appraisal. Front. Neurol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1123290"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo14010025","article-title":"A Potential Role for the Ketogenic Diet in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Treatment: Exploring Pre-Clinical and Clinical Evidence","volume":"14","author":"Oliveira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monda, A., La Torre, M.E., Messina, A., Di Maio, G., Monda, V., Moscatelli, F., De Stefano, M., La Marra, M., Padova, M.D., and Dipace, A. (2024). Exploring the ketogenic diet\u2019s potential in reducing neuroinflammation and modulating immune responses. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1425816"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonnechere, B., Stephens, E.B., Boileau, A.C., Ducker, M., and Stubbs, B.J. (2025). The Effect of Exogenous Ketone Bodies on Cognition in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment, Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.09.17.25335999"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2003.09.007","article-title":"The therapeutic implications of ketone bodies: The effects of ketone bodies in pathological conditions: Ketosis, ketogenic diet, redox states, insulin resistance, and mitochondrial metabolism","volume":"70","author":"Veech","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fat. Acids"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425.e19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2010.10.006","article-title":"Dietary ketosis enhances memory in mild cognitive impairment","volume":"33","author":"Krikorian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rubio, C., Lopez-Landa, A., Romo-Parra, H., and Rubio-Osornio, M. (2025). Impact of the Ketogenic Diet on Neurological Diseases: A Review. Life, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/life15010071"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.12.022","article-title":"Multi-dimensional Roles of Ketone Bodies in Fuel Metabolism, Signaling, and Therapeutics","volume":"25","author":"Puchalska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnr.2023.151745","article-title":"Ketogenic therapies in Parkinson\u2019s disease, Alzheimer\u2019s disease, and mild cognitive impairment: An integrative review","volume":"74","author":"Price","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Nurs. Res."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmaa073","article-title":"To Keto or Not to Keto? A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials Assessing the Effects of Ketogenic Therapy on Alzheimer Disease","volume":"11","author":"Grammatikopoulou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70294","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.70294","article-title":"The Energetic Collapse of the Alzheimer\u2019s Brain: Metabolic Inflexibility Across Cells and Networks","volume":"169","author":"Constantino","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.2174\/1566524021666211004104703","article-title":"Ketogenic Diet: A Promising Neuroprotective Composition for Managing Alzheimer\u2019s Diseases and its Pathological Mechanisms","volume":"22","author":"Sridharan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13041362","article-title":"Precision Nutrition for Alzheimer\u2019s Prevention in ApoE4 Carriers","volume":"13","author":"Norwitz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1038\/s44324-024-00029-y","article-title":"Ketone body metabolism and cardiometabolic implications for cognitive health","volume":"2","author":"Fulghum","year":"2024","journal-title":"npj Metab. Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01771-x","article-title":"Effects of dietary intervention on human diseases: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential","volume":"9","author":"Xiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, H., Ni, M., and Le, Y. (2025). Neuroinflammation and nutrition in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Front. Neurol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1622571"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tuigunov, D., Sinyavskiy, Y., Nurgozhin, T., Zholdassova, Z., Smagul, G., Omarov, Y., Dolmatova, O., Yeshmanova, A., and Omarova, I. (2025). Precision Nutrition and Gut-Brain Axis Modulation in the Prevention of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17193068"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blazquez, E., Hurtado-Carneiro, V., LeBaut-Ayuso, Y., Velazquez, E., Garcia-Garcia, L., Gomez-Oliver, F., Ruiz-Albusac, J.M., Avila, J., and Pozo, M.A. (2022). Significance of Brain Glucose Hypometabolism, Altered Insulin Signal Transduction, and Insulin Resistance in Several Neurological Diseases. Front. Endocrinol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.873301"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-024-01496-z","article-title":"Gut-Brain Axis and Neuroinflammation: The Role of Gut Permeability and the Kynurenine Pathway in Neurological Disorders","volume":"44","author":"Kearns","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1177\/15598276211049345","article-title":"Gluten, Inflammation, and Neurodegeneration","volume":"16","author":"Philip","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Lifestyle Med."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnha.2024.100306","article-title":"Effects of ketogenic diet on cognitive function of patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Rong","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2014.01.006","article-title":"A new way to produce hyperketonemia: Use of ketone ester in a case of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"11","author":"Newport","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meiners, F., Ortega-Matienzo, A., Fuellen, G., and Barrantes, I. (2025). Gut microbiome-mediated health effects of fiber and polyphenol-rich dietary interventions. Front. Nutr., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1647740"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, T.T., Ta, Q.T.H., Nguyen, T.K.O., Nguyen, T.T.D., and Giau, V.V. (2020). Type 3 Diabetes and Its Role Implications in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21093165"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2687","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23052687","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Disease as Type 3 Diabetes: Common Pathophysiological Mechanisms between Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"23","author":"Michailidis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costantini, L.C., Barr, L.J., Vogel, J.L., and Henderson, S.T. (2008). Hypometabolism as a therapeutic target in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. BMC Neurosci., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-9-S2-S16"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-025-01101-z","article-title":"Type 3 diabetes and metabolic reprogramming of brain neurons: Causes and therapeutic strategies","volume":"31","author":"Meng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19664","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-46776-8","article-title":"Ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) preserves mitochondrial bioenergetics","volume":"13","author":"Dussmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12030486","article-title":"Effect of the Ketone Body, D-beta-Hydroxybutyrate, on Sirtuin2-Mediated Regulation of Mitochondrial Quality Control and the Autophagy-Lysosomal Pathway","volume":"12","author":"Montiel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fante, C., Spritzler, F., Calabrese, L., Laurent, N., Roberts, C., and Deloudi, S. (2025). The role of beta-hydroxybutyrate testing in ketogenic metabolic therapies. Front. Nutr., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1629921"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2017.05.019","article-title":"Neuroketotherapeutics: A modern review of a century-old therapy","volume":"117","author":"Koppel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia-Rodriguez, D., and Gimenez-Cassina, A. (2021). Ketone Bodies in the Brain Beyond Fuel Metabolism: From Excitability to Gene Expression and Cell Signaling. Front. Mol. Neurosci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2021.732120"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, J., Van Hoecke, L., and Vandenbroucke, R.E. (2021). The Impact of Systemic Inflammation on Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Pathology. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.796867"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01486-5","article-title":"Role of neuroinflammation in neurodegeneration development","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2024.578363","article-title":"Endothelial dysfunction in neurodegenerative disease: Is endothelial inflammation an overlooked druggable target?","volume":"391","author":"Ritson","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goncalves, M., Vale, N., and Silva, P. (2024). Neuroprotective Effects of Olive Oil: A Comprehensive Review of Antioxidant Properties. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13070762"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Picone, P., Girgenti, A., Buttacavoli, M., and Nuzzo, D. (2024). Enriching the Mediterranean diet could nourish the brain more effectively. Front. Nutr., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1489489"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1776","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11081776","article-title":"Health Effects of Phenolic Compounds Found in Extra-Virgin Olive Oil, By-Products, and Leaf of Olea europaea L.","volume":"11","author":"Romani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Devranis, P., Vassilopoulou, E., Tsironis, V., Sotiriadis, P.M., Chourdakis, M., Aivaliotis, M., and Tsolaki, M. (2023). Mediterranean Diet, Ketogenic Diet or MIND Diet for Aging Populations with Cognitive Decline: A Systematic Review. Life, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/life13010173"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arora, S., Santiago, J.A., Bernstein, M., and Potashkin, J.A. (2023). Diet and lifestyle impact the development and progression of Alzheimer\u2019s dementia. Front. Nutr., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1213223"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-024-00682-w","article-title":"Consuming a modified Mediterranean ketogenic diet reverses the peripheral lipid signature of Alzheimer\u2019s disease in humans","volume":"5","author":"Neth","year":"2025","journal-title":"Commun. Med."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2323752","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2323752","article-title":"A modified Mediterranean-style diet enhances brain function via specific gut-microbiome-brain mechanisms","volume":"16","author":"Park","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2022.5191","article-title":"The impact of diet upon mitochondrial physiology (Review)","volume":"50","author":"Kyriazis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnab027","article-title":"Time-restricted Eating for the Prevention and Management of Metabolic Diseases","volume":"43","author":"Manoogian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Savencu, C.E., Linta, A., Farcas, G., Bina, A.M., Cretu, O.M., Malita, D.C., Muntean, D.M., and Sturza, A. (2021). Impact of Dietary Restriction Regimens on Mitochondria, Heart, and Endothelial Function: A Brief Overview. Front. Physiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.768383"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-022-1807-7","article-title":"The Ketogenic Diet and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"26","author":"Hersant","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jamshed, H., Beyl, R.A., Della Manna, D.L., Yang, E.S., Ravussin, E., and Peterson, C.M. (2019). Early Time-Restricted Feeding Improves 24-Hour Glucose Levels and Affects Markers of the Circadian Clock, Aging, and Autophagy in Humans. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11061234"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2024.05.017","article-title":"Brain responses to intermittent fasting and the healthy living diet in older adults","volume":"36","author":"Kapogiannis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2018.03.012","article-title":"Nutritional patterns associated with the maintenance of neurocognitive functions and the risk of dementia and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A focus on human studies","volume":"131","author":"Pistollato","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3244","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15143244","article-title":"Plant-Based Nutrition: Exploring Health Benefits for Atherosclerosis, Chronic Diseases, and Metabolic Syndrome-A Comprehensive Review","volume":"15","author":"Martorell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13047","article-title":"Nutrition and risk of dementia: Overview and methodological issues","volume":"1367","author":"Morris","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1586\/ern.11.56","article-title":"Diet and Alzheimer\u2019s disease risk factors or prevention: The current evidence","volume":"11","author":"Solfrizzi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Neurother."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roumeliotis, S., Kontogiorgos, I., de Vries, F., Maresz, K., Jeanne, J.F., Leivaditis, K., and Schurgers, L.J. (2024). The role of vitamin K2 in cognitive impairment: Linking vascular health to brain health. Front. Aging Neurosci., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2024.1527535"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"nzz003","DOI":"10.1093\/cdn\/nzz003","article-title":"An Experimental Ketogenic Diet for Alzheimer Disease Was Nutritionally Dense and Rich in Vegetables and Avocado","volume":"3","author":"Taylor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Dev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S219","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200800065","article-title":"Glucosinolates in Brassica vegetables: The influence of the food supply chain on intake, bioavailability and human health","volume":"53","author":"Verkerk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1111\/nure.12060","article-title":"Sulforaphane: Translational research from laboratory bench to clinic","volume":"71","author":"Houghton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10505","DOI":"10.1021\/jf801989e","article-title":"Bioavailability and kinetics of sulforaphane in humans after consumption of cooked versus raw broccoli","volume":"56","author":"Vermeulen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7118","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2023.2181311","article-title":"Formation, immunomodulatory activities, and enhancement of glucosinolates and sulforaphane in broccoli sprouts: A review for maximizing the health benefits to human","volume":"64","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23594","article-title":"Dietary intakes of berries and flavonoids in relation to cognitive decline","volume":"72","author":"Devore","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3996","DOI":"10.1021\/jf9029332","article-title":"Blueberry supplementation improves memory in older adults","volume":"58","author":"Krikorian","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8114","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-18-08114.1999","article-title":"Reversals of age-related declines in neuronal signal transduction, cognitive, and motor behavioral deficits with blueberry, spinach, or strawberry dietary supplementation","volume":"19","author":"Joseph","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4423","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO00913B","article-title":"Effect of Montmorency tart cherry juice on cognitive performance in older adults: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"10","author":"Chai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chai, S.C., Davis, K., Zhang, Z., Zha, L., and Kirschner, K.F. (2019). Effects of Tart Cherry Juice on Biomarkers of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Older Adults. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11020228"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2018.08.005","article-title":"Limited evidence for a beneficial effect of vitamin C supplementation on biomarkers of cardiovascular diseases: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses","volume":"61","author":"Ashor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.1.266S","article-title":"Glycemic index: Overview of implications in health and disease","volume":"76","author":"Jenkins","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/88.2.475","article-title":"Glycemic index, glycemic load, and chronic disease risk","volume":"88","author":"Mulholland","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/87.3.627","article-title":"Glycemic index, glycemic load, and chronic disease risk--a meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"87","author":"Barclay","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e024014","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.121.024014","article-title":"Avocado Consumption and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in US Adults","volume":"11","author":"Pacheco","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serreli, G., and Deiana, M. (2020). Extra Virgin Olive Oil Polyphenols: Modulation of Cellular Pathways Related to Oxidant Species and Inflammation in Aging. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9020478"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garrido-Romero, M., Diez-Municio, M., and Moreno, F.J. (2025). Exploring the Impact of Olive-Derived Bioactive Components on Gut Microbiota: Implications for Digestive Health. Foods, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14142413"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/135.3.431","article-title":"Carotenoid absorption from salad and salsa by humans is enhanced by the addition of avocado or avocado oil","volume":"135","author":"Unlu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shanaida, M., Mykhailenko, O., Lysiuk, R., Hudz, N., Balwierz, R., Shulhai, A., Shapovalova, N., Shanaida, V., and Bjorklund, G. (2025). Carotenoids for Antiaging: Nutraceutical, Pharmaceutical, and Cosmeceutical Applications. Pharmaceuticals, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18030403"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szucko-Kociuba, I., Trzeciak-Ryczek, A., Kupnicka, P., and Chlubek, D. (2023). Neurotrophic and Neuroprotective Effects of Hericium erinaceus. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242115960"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17081307","article-title":"Lion\u2019s Mane Mushroom (Hericium erinaceus): A Neuroprotective Fungus with Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antimicrobial Potential-A Narrative Review","volume":"17","author":"Contato","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2024.105548","article-title":"A review of the effects of mushrooms on mood and neurocognitive health across the lifespan","volume":"158","author":"Cha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.2220\/biomedres.40.125","article-title":"Improvement of cognitive functions by oral intake of Hericium erinaceus","volume":"40","author":"Saitsu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Res."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gregory, J., Vengalasetti, Y.V., Bredesen, D.E., and Rao, R.V. (2021). Neuroprotective Herbs for the Management of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11040543"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.4103\/2008-7802.199640","article-title":"Possible Role of Common Spices as a Preventive and Therapeutic Agent for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"8","author":"Mirmosayyeb","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205018666210716122034","article-title":"Effects of Spices (Saffron, Rosemary, Cinnamon, Turmeric and Ginger) in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"18","author":"Seibel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Alzheimer Res."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200500156","article-title":"Green tea catechins as brain-permeable, natural iron chelators-antioxidants for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"50","author":"Mandel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2004.05.002","article-title":"Neurological mechanisms of green tea polyphenols in Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s diseases","volume":"15","author":"Weinreb","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.2.355","article-title":"Green tea consumption and cognitive function: A cross-sectional study from the Tsurugaya Project 1","volume":"83","author":"Kuriyama","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12300","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b02540","article-title":"Plastic Teabags Release Billions of Microparticles and Nanoparticles into Tea","volume":"53","author":"Hernandez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Env. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2024.142111","article-title":"Microplastics and nanoplastics in tea: Sources, characteristics and potential impacts","volume":"466","author":"Fard","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S167","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2010-1404","article-title":"Caffeine as a protective factor in dementia and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"20","author":"Eskelinen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"j5024","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j5024","article-title":"Coffee consumption and health: Umbrella review of meta-analyses of multiple health outcomes","volume":"359","author":"Poole","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox2040230","article-title":"Antioxidant and Antiradical Activity of Coffee","volume":"2","author":"Yashin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21377","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-01001-2","article-title":"Influence of coffee brewing methods on the chromatographic and spectroscopic profiles, antioxidant and sensory properties","volume":"11","author":"Stanek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.3109\/09637486.2015.1064871","article-title":"The influence of different types of preparation (espresso and brew) on coffee aroma and main bioactive constituents","volume":"66","author":"Caprioli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Socala, K., Szopa, A., Serefko, A., Poleszak, E., and Wlaz, P. (2020). Neuroprotective Effects of Coffee Bioactive Compounds: A Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22010107"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barros, M.I., Brandao, T., Irving, S.C., Alves, P., Gomes, F., and Correia, M. (2025). Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Cognitive Decline in Adults with Non-Dementia or Mild Cognitive Impairment: An Overview of Systematic Reviews. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17183002"},{"key":"ref_200","first-page":"CD009002","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acids for the treatment of dementia","volume":"4","author":"Burckhardt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.4162\/nrp.2021.15.2.137","article-title":"Role of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in human nutrition and health: Review of recent studies and recommendations","volume":"15","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Pr."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra054035","article-title":"Trans fatty acids and cardiovascular disease","volume":"354","author":"Mozaffarian","year":"2006","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/S0753-3322(02)00253-6","article-title":"The importance of the ratio of omega-6\/omega-3 essential fatty acids","volume":"56","author":"Simopoulos","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_204","first-page":"h3978","article-title":"Intake of saturated and trans unsaturated fatty acids and risk of all cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes: Systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"351","author":"Mente","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_205","first-page":"1299","article-title":"Olive oil polyphenols decrease blood pressure and improve endothelial function in young women with mild hypertension","volume":"25","author":"Miranda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.114.303374","article-title":"Olive oil polyphenols enhance high-density lipoprotein function in humans: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"34","author":"Hernaez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vac. Biol."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fiore, M., Terracina, S., and Ferraguti, G. (2025). Brain Neurotrophins and Plant Polyphenols: A Powerful Connection. Molecules, 30.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30122657"},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665107005435","article-title":"ApoE genotype, cardiovascular risk and responsiveness to dietary fat manipulation","volume":"66","author":"Minihane","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-215091","article-title":"Total Cholesterol and APOE-Related Risk for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease in the Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative","volume":"85","author":"Dunk","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Glenn, A.J., Aune, D., Freisling, H., Mohammadifard, N., Kendall, C.W.C., Salas-Salvado, J., Jenkins, D.J.A., Hu, F.B., and Sievenpiper, J.L. (2023). Nuts and Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes: A Review of the Evidence and Future Directions. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15040911"},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-013-0978-y","article-title":"Reduction of phytic acid and enhancement of bioavailable micronutrients in food grains","volume":"52","author":"Gupta","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salim, R., Nehvi, I.B., Mir, R.A., Tyagi, A., Ali, S., and Bhat, O.M. (2023). A review on anti-nutritional factors: Unraveling the natural gateways to human health. Front. Nutr., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1215873"},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2025.146746","article-title":"Anti-nutritional factors: Nutrient interactions, processing interventions, and health aspects","volume":"496","author":"Kheto","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2024.142750","article-title":"Chemical profile changes in Peanut seeds infected with aspergillus flavus via widely targeted metabolomics","volume":"471","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.26736R","article-title":"Nuts and novel biomarkers of cardiovascular disease","volume":"89","author":"Ros","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.3390\/nu2070652","article-title":"Health benefits of nut consumption","volume":"2","author":"Ros","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2025.04.017","article-title":"The microbiome: An actor or stage for the beneficial action of probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics?","volume":"33","author":"Sanders","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2016.02.008","article-title":"Prebiotics: Definition and protective mechanisms","volume":"30","author":"Valcheva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Best. Pr. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114510003363","article-title":"Prebiotic effects: Metabolic and health benefits","volume":"104","author":"Roberfroid","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2016.11.010","article-title":"Health benefits of fermented foods: Microbiota and beyond","volume":"44","author":"Marco","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grujovic, M.Z., Semedo-Lemsaddek, T., and Markovic, K.G. (2025). Application of Probiotics in Foods: A Comprehensive Review of Benefits, Challenges, and Future Perspectives. Foods, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14173088"},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calzada-Gonzales, N., Moreno-Colina, I., Chu-Fuentes, L., Andrade-Giron, D., Tito-Chura, H.E., Quispe-Vicuna, C., Torres-Balarezo, P.I., Bautista-Pariona, A., and Barboza, J.J. (2025). Efficacy and safety of probiotic supplements on cognitive function: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. BMC Complement. Med. Ther., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-025-05149-6"},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2001.81.3.1031","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids and human colonic function: Roles of resistant starch and nonstarch polysaccharides","volume":"81","author":"Topping","year":"2001","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.3945\/an.113.004325","article-title":"Resistant starch: Promise for improving human health","volume":"4","author":"Birt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2015.128","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids in control of body weight and insulin sensitivity","volume":"11","author":"Canfora","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.05.041","article-title":"From Dietary Fiber to Host Physiology: Short-Chain Fatty Acids as Key Bacterial Metabolites","volume":"165","author":"Koh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-9-10","article-title":"A review of fatty acid profiles and antioxidant content in grass-fed and grain-fed beef","volume":"9","author":"Daley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo14100533","article-title":"Comparative Impact of Organic Grass-Fed and Conventional Cattle-Feeding Systems on Beef and Human Postprandial Metabolomics-A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"14","author":"Spears","year":"2024","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1417508112","article-title":"A red meat-derived glycan promotes inflammation and cancer progression","volume":"112","author":"Samraj","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e210286","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000210286","article-title":"Long-Term Intake of Red Meat in Relation to Dementia Risk and Cognitive Function in US Adults","volume":"104","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI79408","article-title":"Human prion protein sequence elements impede cross-species chronic wasting disease transmission","volume":"125","author":"Kurt","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2014.02.006","article-title":"Low protein intake is associated with a major reduction in IGF-1, cancer, and overall mortality in the 65 and younger but not older population","volume":"19","author":"Levine","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.04.005","article-title":"The impact of dietary protein intake on longevity and metabolic health","volume":"43","author":"Kitada","year":"2019","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tma.2021.05.001","article-title":"The regulation of healthspan and lifespan by dietary amino acids","volume":"5","author":"Babygirija","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Med. Aging"},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2010.01.013","article-title":"Beneficial effects of docosahexaenoic acid on cognition in age-related cognitive decline","volume":"6","author":"McCarthy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3404","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11213404","article-title":"Fatty Acid and Antioxidant Profile of Eggs from Pasture-Raised Hens Fed a Corn- and Soy-Free Diet and Supplemented with Grass-Fed Beef Suet and Liver","volume":"11","author":"Sergin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davis, H., Magistrali, A., Butler, G., and Stergiadis, S. (2022). Nutritional Benefits from Fatty Acids in Organic and Grass-Fed Beef. Foods, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11050646"},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lustig, R.H. (2020). Ultraprocessed Food: Addictive, Toxic, and Ready for Regulation. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202009.0698.v1"},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Basu, S., Yoffe, P., Hills, N., and Lustig, R.H. (2013). The relationship of sugar to population-level diabetes prevalence: An econometric analysis of repeated cross-sectional data. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0057873"},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e013543","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-013543","article-title":"Health and economic benefits of reducing sugar intake in the USA, including effects via non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A microsimulation model","volume":"7","author":"Vreman","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4082","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-2712","article-title":"Phenotypic Characterization of Insulin-Resistant and Insulin-Sensitive Obesity","volume":"100","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"h3576","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h3576","article-title":"Consumption of sugar sweetened beverages, artificially sweetened beverages, and fruit juice and incidence of type 2 diabetes: Systematic review, meta-analysis, and estimation of population attributable fraction","volume":"351","author":"Imamura","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1024\/0300-9831\/a000531","article-title":"In search for an alternative to sugar to reduce obesity","volume":"89","author":"Mooradian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teysseire, F., Bordier, V., Beglinger, C., Wolnerhanssen, B.K., and Meyer-Gerspach, A.C. (2024). Metabolic Effects of Selected Conventional and Alternative Sweeteners: A Narrative Review. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16050622"},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2010.03.009","article-title":"Effects of stevia, aspartame, and sucrose on food intake, satiety, and postprandial glucose and insulin levels","volume":"55","author":"Anton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, J., Jian, Y., Wang, H., Huang, H., Gong, L., Liu, G., Yang, Y., and Wang, W. (2022). A Review of the Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of the Fruit of Siraitia grosvenorii (Swingle): A Traditional Chinese Medicinal Food. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27196618"},{"key":"ref_247","first-page":"118","article-title":"Effects of stevia on glycemic and lipid profile of type 2 diabetic patients: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"10","author":"Ajami","year":"2020","journal-title":"Avicenna J. Phytomed."},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raghavan, G., Bapna, A., Mehta, A., Shah, A., and Vyas, T. (2023). Effect of Sugar Replacement with Stevia-Based Tabletop Sweetener on Weight and Cardiometabolic Health among Indian Adults. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15071744"},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaim, U., and Labus, K. (2025). Monk Fruit Extract and Sustainable Health: A PRISMA-Guided Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202502.2131.v1"},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1080\/07388551.2023.2254929","article-title":"A review of the state of sweeteners science: The natural versus artificial non-caloric sweeteners debate. Stevia rebaudiana and Siraitia grosvenorii into the spotlight","volume":"44","author":"Moreno","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114521003524","article-title":"Rare sugars: Metabolic impacts and mechanisms of action: A scoping review","volume":"128","author":"Smith","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2361","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13374","article-title":"The effect of small doses of fructose and allulose on postprandial glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetes: A double-blind, randomized, controlled, acute feeding, equivalence trial","volume":"20","author":"Noronha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Della Corte, K., Jalo, E., Kaartinen, N.E., Simpson, L., Taylor, M.A., Muirhead, R., Raben, A., Macdonald, I.A., Fogelholm, M., and Brand-Miller, J. (2023). Longitudinal Associations of Dietary Sugars and Glycaemic Index with Indices of Glucose Metabolism and Body Fatness during 3-Year Weight Loss Maintenance: A PREVIEW Sub-Study. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15092083"},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.3945\/an.117.015560","article-title":"A Systematic Review of the Effects of Polyols on Gastrointestinal Health and Irritable Bowel Syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Lenhart","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1079\/NRR200371","article-title":"Health potential of polyols as sugar replacers, with emphasis on low glycaemic properties","volume":"16","author":"Livesey","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S221","DOI":"10.1097\/00005344-200606001-00019","article-title":"Cocoa flavanols, cerebral blood flow, cognition, and health: Going forward","volume":"47","author":"Dinges","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.06.013","article-title":"Chocolate and the brain: Neurobiological impact of cocoa flavanols on cognition and behavior","volume":"37","author":"Sokolov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.05.019","article-title":"Is chocolate consumption associated with health outcomes? An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses","volume":"38","author":"Veronese","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crfs.2022.10.017","article-title":"Dark chocolate: An overview of its biological activity, processing, and fortification approaches","volume":"5","author":"Samanta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1080\/19393210.2017.1420700","article-title":"Cadmium and lead in cocoa powder and chocolate products in the US Market","volume":"11","author":"Abt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam. Part. B Surveill."},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.5483\/BMBRep.2009.42.8.475","article-title":"Insulin resistance and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"42","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMB Rep."},{"key":"ref_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3790","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03891-5","article-title":"Interplay of genetic predisposition, plasma metabolome and Mediterranean diet in dementia risk and cognitive function","volume":"31","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci16010002","article-title":"Short-Term Changes in Depressive Symptoms Among Patients with Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Following a Precision Medicine Intervention","volume":"16","author":"Rao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Sci."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/13\/2206\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T10:49:15Z","timestamp":1783421355000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/13\/2206"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"references-count":263,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["nu18132206"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu18132206","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]}}}