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Increasing evidence suggests that these effects may involve interactions with the gut microbiota, intestinal barrier, and host inflammatory pathways. This narrative review summarizes current evidence on the impact of olive oil, olive-derived phenolics, and olive oil-rich dietary patterns on gut microbiota modulation, barrier function, inflammatory bowel diseases, and related systemic outcomes. The available literature indicates that olive oil may interact with the gut ecosystem through both its oleic acid-rich lipid matrix and its minor phenolic fraction. VOO and EVOO appear more consistently associated than refined oils with microbial or microbial metabolite profiles related to saccharolytic metabolism, short-chain fatty acid production, mucus-layer dynamics, and anti-inflammatory intestinal environments. Olive-derived phenolics, including hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, oleuropein derivatives, and oleocanthal, can undergo microbial biotransformation and may influence bile acid metabolism, epithelial barrier integrity, and inflammatory signaling. Whole EVOO evidence is strongest in experimental colitis models, whereas human evidence mainly supports effects on postprandial endotoxemia, lipid oxidation, and selected inflammatory markers. However, findings remain heterogeneous and depend on oil quality, phenolic composition, comparator fat, dietary context, and host condition. Well-controlled human studies directly comparing EVOO, VOO, refined olive oil, and oleic acid-rich controls are needed to clarify reproducible microbiota-mediated effects and their relevance to intestinal and systemic health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18142235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T11:55:32Z","timestamp":1783598132000},"page":"2235","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Olive Oil as a Modulator of Gut Microbiota and Intestinal Health: A Narrative Review from Microbial Metabolism to Host Responses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8751-9093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luna","family":"Barrera-Chamorro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, CSIC, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2902-0518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Gonzalez-de la Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, CSIC, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose L.","family":"del Rio-Vazquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7695-8318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Torrecillas-Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, CSIC, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elvira","family":"Marquez-Paradas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, CSIC, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9943-405X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen M.","family":"Claro-Cala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, CSIC, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Pediatrics, and Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5400-3192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"Montserrat-de la Paz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, CSIC, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6225-8379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria D.","family":"Navarro-Hortal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e34","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1800389","article-title":"Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease with a Mediterranean Diet Supplemented with Extra-Virgin Olive Oil or Nuts","volume":"378","author":"Estruch","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. 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