{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T05:05:43Z","timestamp":1784178343159,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003993","name":"MAFF Commissioned Project Study","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JPJ009842"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPJ009842"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003993","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020953","name":"COI-NEXT","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["JPMJPF2210"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJPF2210"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020953","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020953","name":"COI-NEXT","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["JPMJPF2403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJPF2403"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020953","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Diet and the gut microbiota are each associated with hepatic steatosis, but their joint variation and shared explanatory contribution are rarely quantified in older Asian community-dwelling populations. Methods: In 701 non-heavy-drinking Kyotango longevity cohort adults, habitual diet (BDHQ; 31 food groups) and stool 16S rRNA microbiome (47 genera; CLR-transformed) were related to the fatty liver index (FLI) by canonical correlation analysis (CCA), reduced-rank regression (RRR), and bootstrap mediation; FIB-4 was a secondary exploratory outcome. Results: Four dietary patterns and four microbial clusters emerged. CCA revealed multivariate diet-microbiota co-variation (four significant canonical correlations; r = 0.40\u20130.46; all p &lt; 0.05). Combined RRR (n = 697 with complete FLI data) explained 11.1% of FLI variance in-sample (permutation p = 0.006), although cross-validated R2 was negative, reframing the model as hypothesis-generating rather than predictive. Bootstrap mediation suggested that 12.6% of the diet-on-FLI effect was carried by the microbiota (95% bootstrap CI excluding zero). Of 1457 FDR-corrected food-genus pairs, one was significant (fruits \u00d7 Eubacterium eligens; r = +0.202, q = 1.0 \u00d7 10\u22124). Conclusions: In this cross-sectional, hypothesis-generating analysis with no individual-level predictive utility, dietary patterns and gut microbial composition co-vary and jointly relate to FLI. The findings describe population-level covariance patterns for future prospective diet-microbiome intervention testing; external validation in independent cohorts is essential.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18142300","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T10:12:53Z","timestamp":1784023973000},"page":"2300","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Joint Dietary and Gut Microbial Profiling and the Fatty Liver Index in Community-Dwelling Older Japanese: A Cross-Sectional, Hypothesis-Generating Analysis from the Kyotango Longevity Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5443-788X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuji","family":"Naito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Immunology and Nutrition Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan"},{"name":"Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7387-7511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takeshi","family":"Yasuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7103-8191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroaki","family":"Kitae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Immunology and Nutrition Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan"},{"name":"Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katsura","family":"Mizushima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Immunology and Nutrition Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norihiro","family":"Ouchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Kyotango Municipal Yasaka Hospital, Kyoto 627-0111, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atsuo","family":"Adachi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Kyotango Municipal Yasaka Hospital, Kyoto 627-0111, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tadaaki","family":"Kamitani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Kyotango Municipal Yasaka Hospital, Kyoto 627-0111, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Narumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2696-046X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomoya","family":"Kitani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9373-4331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satoaki","family":"Matoba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Longevity and Regional Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7233-366X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryo","family":"Inoue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Science, Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Setsunan University, Osaka 573-0101, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6119-4828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomohisa","family":"Takagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000520","article-title":"A multisociety Delphi consensus statement on new fatty liver disease nomenclature","volume":"78","author":"Rinella","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL), European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD), and European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO) (2024). 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