{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T16:41:54Z","timestamp":1785429714437,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2023-NR076346"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-NR076346"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["RS-2023-NR076346"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-NR076346"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/013aysd81","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Gestational iron requirements may lead to maternal iron deficiency, increasing susceptibility in offspring. In mice, maternal iron deficiency induces hair loss in pups, but mechanisms remain poorly characterized. Objective: This study investigates mechanisms underlying maternal iron deficiency-induced abnormal hair growth and the impact of iron supplementation on pups\u2019 hair development. Methods: Pregnant C57BL\/6J mice (nine-week-old, second week of gestation) were randomly assigned to a standard AIN-76 diet (control, CTRL) or an iron-deficient AIN diet (ID) until parturition and weaning. Offspring were maintained on the same diet as their mothers. At six weeks, hair loss was examined in one set (CTRL1 and ID), while the remaining were transitioned to an iron-replete AIN-76 diet (CTRL2 and IDN) for two additional weeks. An in vitro study with human follicle dermal papilla cells (HFDPC) via deferoxamine (DFO) treatment was performed. Results: ID offspring exhibited truncal hairlessness, reduced body size, and abnormal follicular morphology compared to CTRL1, while IDN demonstrated hair regrowth comparable to CTRL2. ID skin tissues had reduced Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling, elevated oxidative stress markers, and activation of caspase-3, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-\u03baB), and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-\u03b2) signaling, all reversed by iron supplementation. DFO-treated HFDPCs demonstrated increased cellular and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), diminished Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling, activation of caspase-3, NF-\u03baB, and TGF-\u03b2 signaling pathways. N-acetylcysteine pretreatment abrogated DFO-induced alterations in Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling and apoptosis, suggesting ROS mediates iron deficiency-induced hair loss. Conclusions: Early iron deficiency may have impaired hair growth through increased ROS production, reduced Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling, and enhanced apoptotic signals, while postnatal iron supplementation could reverse these abnormalities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18142321","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T01:05:07Z","timestamp":1784163907000},"page":"2321","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Iron Deficiency-Induced Hair Loss Is Associated with ROS-Mediated Disruption of Wnt\/\u03b2-Catenin Signaling"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Sang-Ah","family":"Kwon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Nutrition, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"So Young","family":"Bu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Nutrition, Daegu University, Gyeongsan-si 38453,  Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4036-4661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yeon-Hee","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si 10408, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joo Weon","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Nutrition, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5134-8929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher D.","family":"Vulpe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3443-5286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seung-Min","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Nutrition, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Research Institute of Science for Aging, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-05-815944","article-title":"Iron deficiency","volume":"133","author":"Camaschella","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32594-0","article-title":"Iron deficiency","volume":"397","author":"Pasricha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"CD004736","article-title":"Daily oral iron supplementation during pregnancy","volume":"2015","author":"Dowswell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2004","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.112.162362","article-title":"Maternal serum ferritin concentration is positively associated with newborn iron stores in women with low ferritin status in late pregnancy","volume":"142","author":"Shao","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.14951","article-title":"The importance of iron deficiency in pregnancy on fetal, neonatal, and infant neurodevelopmental outcomes","volume":"162","author":"Georgieff","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-7753.130393","article-title":"Hair loss in children: Common and uncommon causes; Clinical and epidemiological study in Jordan","volume":"5","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Trichology"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"279","article-title":"Iron status in diffuse telogen hair loss among women","volume":"17","author":"Moeinvaziri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Dermatovenerol. Croat."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.5114\/ada.2020.96251","article-title":"Serum ferritin and vitamin D levels should be evaluated in patients with diffuse hair loss prior to treatment","volume":"37","author":"Tamer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Dermatol. Allergol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4596","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.072632499","article-title":"Severe iron deficiency anemia in transgenic mice expressing liver hepcidin","volume":"99","author":"Nicolas","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2018.197517","article-title":"Macrophage ferroportin is essential for stromal cell proliferation in wound healing","volume":"104","author":"Recalcati","year":"2018","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Zhou, J. (2020). Associations Between the Wnt Signaling Pathway and Iron-Deficient Milk of Hephaestin Knockout Mouse Dams Underlies Hair Loss in Pups. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Florida]."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907.4","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.28.1_supplement.907.4","article-title":"Iron deficient toxic milk leads to the mask phenotype in hephaestin knockout mice (907.4)","volume":"28","author":"Page","year":"2014","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuqua, B.K., Lu, Y., Darshan, D., Frazer, D.M., Wilkins, S.J., Wolkow, N., Bell, A.G., Hsu, J., Yu, C.C., and Chen, H. (2014). The multicopper ferroxidase hephaestin enhances intestinal iron absorption in mice. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0098792"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"322","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of female alopecia: Focusing on the iron deficiency-related alopecia","volume":"35","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Tzu Chi Med. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0022-202x.2001.01377.x","article-title":"A comprehensive guide for the accurate classification of murine hair follicles in distinct hair cycle stages","volume":"117","author":"Foitzik","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1002\/cpmo.21","article-title":"Analysis of mtDNA\/nDNA ratio in mice","volume":"7","author":"Quiros","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Mouse Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(01)00336-1","article-title":"\u03b2-Catenin controls hair follicle morphogenesis and stem cell differentiation in the skin","volume":"105","author":"Huelsken","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/S1534-5807(02)00167-3","article-title":"WNT signals are required for the initiation of hair follicle development","volume":"2","author":"Andl","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.14.5.752","article-title":"Control of murine hair follicle regression (catagen) by TGF-\u03b21 in vivo","volume":"14","author":"Foitzik","year":"2000","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02214","article-title":"Status of malondialdehyde, catalase and superoxide dismutase levels\/activities in schoolchildren with iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia of Kashere and its environs in Gombe State, Nigeria","volume":"5","author":"Dahiru","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bresgen, N., and Eckl, P.M. (2015). Oxidative Stress and the Homeodynamics of Iron Metabolism. Biomolecules, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom5020808"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2015.28","article-title":"Oxidative stress-associated senescence in dermal papilla cells of men with androgenetic alopecia","volume":"135","author":"Upton","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, J., Li, H., Zhou, R., Ma, G., Dekker, J.D., Tucker, H.O., Yao, Z., and Guo, X. (2015). Foxp1 Regulates the Proliferation of Hair Follicle Stem Cells in Response to Oxidative Stress during Hair Cycling. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0131674"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9873","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.312694","article-title":"Nrf2 protein up-regulates antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 and prevents cellular apoptosis","volume":"287","author":"Niture","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.165.2.1013","article-title":"Role of Oxidants in NF-\u03baB Activation and TNF-\u03b1 Gene Transcription Induced by Hypoxia and Endotoxin","volume":"165","author":"Chandel","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"2539","article-title":"Membrane-bound serine protease matriptase-2 (Tmprss6) is an essential regulator of iron homeostasis","volume":"112","author":"Folgueras","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood J. Am. Soc. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1007\/s11248-012-9669-0","article-title":"Growth retardation and hair loss in transgenic mice overexpressing human H-ferritin gene","volume":"22","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transgenic Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2005.01.003","article-title":"The iron exporter ferroportin\/Slc40a1 is essential for iron homeostasis","volume":"1","author":"Donovan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.22108","article-title":"Improved differential diagnosis of anemia of chronic disease and iron deficiency anemia: A prospective multicenter evaluation of soluble transferrin receptor and the sTfR\/log ferritin index","volume":"86","author":"Skikne","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"507","article-title":"Low iron stores: A risk factor for excessive hair loss in non-menopausal women","volume":"17","author":"Deloche","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.05.054","article-title":"Iron deficiency and diffuse nonscarring scalp alopecia in women: More pieces to the puzzle","volume":"63","author":"Pierre","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Natarelli, N., Gahoonia, N., and Sivamani, R.K. (2023). Integrative and Mechanistic Approach to the Hair Growth Cycle and Hair Loss. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12030893"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14600","article-title":"Dysregulated behaviour of hair follicle stem cells triggers alopecia and provides potential therapeutic targets","volume":"31","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2009.01032.x","article-title":"Alopecia in IL-10-deficient mouse pups is c-kit-dependent and can be triggered by iron deficiency","volume":"19","author":"Vanderford","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1006\/excr.1996.0343","article-title":"Iron deprivation inhibits cyclin-dependent kinase activity and decreases cyclin D\/CDK4 protein levels in asynchronous MDA-MB-453 human breast cancer cells","volume":"229","author":"Kulp","year":"1996","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2967","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-05-1866","article-title":"Iron chelators with high antiproliferative activity up-regulate the expression of a growth inhibitory and metastasis suppressor gene: A link between iron metabolism and proliferation","volume":"104","author":"Le","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI26043","article-title":"Characterization and isolation of stem cell\u2013enriched human hair follicle bulge cells","volume":"116","author":"Ohyama","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jidsp.5640241","article-title":"Chronobiology of the Hair Follicle: Hunting the \u201cHair Cycle Clock\u201d","volume":"4","author":"Paus","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol. Symp. Proc."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"12584","article-title":"Topical application of 8DSS induces anagen hair growth in telogenic mouse skin","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.5021\/ad.23.128","article-title":"Dickkopf-related Protein 2 Promotes Hair Growth by Upregulating the Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin Signaling Pathway in Human Dermal Papilla Cells","volume":"36","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaba1685","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aba1685","article-title":"Dermal exosomes containing miR-218-5p promote hair regeneration by regulating \u03b2-catenin signaling","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2533","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15438","article-title":"KY19382, a novel activator of Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signalling, promotes hair regrowth and hair follicle neogenesis","volume":"178","author":"Ryu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2003.12.003","article-title":"Role of TGF-\u03b22 in the human hair cycle","volume":"35","author":"Hibino","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2003.12173.x","article-title":"A Potential Suppressor of TGF-\u03b2 Delays Catagen Progression in Hair Follicles","volume":"8","author":"Tsuji","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol. Symp. Proc."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2003.12516.x","article-title":"Profile of transforming growth factor-\u03b2 responses during the murine hair cycle","volume":"121","author":"Soma","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200507111","article-title":"A \u201ctraffic control\u201d role for TGF\u03b23: Orchestrating dermal and epidermal cell motility during wound healing","volume":"172","author":"Bandyopadhyay","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.2001.0332","article-title":"Overexpression of Smad2 Reveals Its Concerted Action with Smad4 in Regulating TGF-\u03b2-Mediated Epidermal Homeostasis","volume":"236","author":"Ito","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2311459","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202311459","article-title":"Materiobiomodulated ROS Therapy for De Novo Hair Growth","volume":"36","author":"Bai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8279269","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/8279269","article-title":"Intrinsic ROS Drive Hair Follicle Cycle Progression by Modulating DNA Damage and Repair and Subsequently Hair Follicle Apoptosis and Macrophage Polarization","volume":"2022","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1821","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.1821","article-title":"Mitochondrial aerobic respiration is activated during hair follicle stem cell differentiation, and its dysfunction retards hair regeneration","volume":"4","author":"Tang","year":"2016","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ra8","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.2003638","article-title":"Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species Promote Epidermal Differentiation and Hair Follicle Development","volume":"6","author":"Hamanaka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Signal."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4509","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-39992-8","article-title":"Intrinsic activation of cell growth and differentiation in ex vivo cultured human hair follicles by a transient endogenous production of ROS","volume":"9","author":"Montoya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"1","article-title":"Induced oxidative stress by deferoxamine (desferal) during the pregnancy: Pre and post-natal developmental study","volume":"49","author":"Thanoon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mesop. J. Agric."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"99","article-title":"An iron-deficient diet during development induces oxidative stress in relation to age and gender in Wistar rats","volume":"73","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.12.009","article-title":"In situ forming and reactive oxygen species-scavenging gelatin hydrogels for enhancing wound healing efficacy","volume":"103","author":"Thi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1080\/10715760802459879","article-title":"Iron-deficiency anaemia enhances red blood cell oxidative stress","volume":"42","author":"Nagababu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2264","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.261708798","article-title":"Iron deficiency and iron excess damage mitochondria and mitochondrial DNA in rats","volume":"99","author":"Walter","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2018.02.021","article-title":"Iron deficiency without anemia is responsible for decreased left ventricular function and reduced mitochondrial complex I activity in a mouse model","volume":"266","author":"Rineau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2000.80.1.315","article-title":"Mitochondria and neuronal survival","volume":"80","author":"Nicholls","year":"2000","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V124.21.216.216","article-title":"Role of iron-responsive mitochondrial metabolism and ROS in anemia","volume":"124","author":"Richardson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.13732","article-title":"Examination of androgenetic alopecia with serum biomarkers","volume":"20","author":"Karabulut","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2307","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.5.2307","article-title":"Alterations in NF-\u03baB function in transgenic epithelial tissue demonstrate a growth inhibitory role for NF-\u03baB","volume":"95","author":"Seitz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13562","DOI":"10.1111\/cpr.13562","article-title":"Involvement of DKK1 secreted from adipose-derived stem cells in alopecia areata","volume":"57","author":"Choi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Prolif."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.05.015","article-title":"Functional Significance of Early-Life Iron Deficiency: Outcomes at 25 Years","volume":"163","author":"Lozoff","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/des026","article-title":"Depleted iron stores without anaemia early in pregnancy carries increased risk of lower birthweight even when supplemented daily with moderate iron","volume":"27","author":"Ribot","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/14\/2321\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T08:26:48Z","timestamp":1784622408000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/14\/2321"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["nu18142321"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu18142321","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]}}}