{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T05:02:46Z","timestamp":1784350966284,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Myopia has become a major public health issue for the ocular health of children and adolescents worldwide and has been found to be associated with dietary factors, including the consumption of beverages. However, current research lacks detailed classification and longitudinal analysis of the relationship between different types of commercial non-alcoholic beverages and children\u2019s visual function and related measurements. Methods: From 2021 to 2024, we conducted a four-year cohort study in Shanghai, China, aiming to explore the association between consumption of various commercial non-alcoholic beverages, including sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), non-sugar-sweetened beverages (NSSBs), and fruit and vegetable beverages, and the vision of children and adolescents. Participants were surveyed once a year, including the collection of beverage consumption frequency using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), as well as ophthalmological examinations covering binocular uncorrected visual acuity, refraction, and axial length (AL). A total of 5199 participants with complete data were included in the study. Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) were used to analyze the longitudinal associations between the frequency of consumption of various beverages and myopia as well as vision-related measurements. Results: Among the 5199 participants included in the study, 37.9% were defined as myopic at baseline, with this proportion rising to 65.6% by the end of the study in 2024. Participants with myopia typically had lower consumption frequencies of 100% and non-100% fruit and vegetable juices and higher consumption frequencies of carbonated beverages and milk tea beverages. Increased consumption of 100% and non-100% fruit and vegetable juices was associated with reduced odds of myopia, increased spherical equivalent (SE), and decreased AL in children. In contrast, increased consumption of carbonated beverages, milk tea beverages, and NSSBs was associated with higher odds of myopia, reduced SE, and increased AL in children. Conclusions: Different types of commercial non-alcoholic beverages have varying effects on the vision of children and adolescents. Consumption of carbonated beverages, milk tea beverages, and NSSBs is associated with myopia and AL growth in children, whereas drinking fruit and vegetable juice has been found to be associated with slower myopia progression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18142326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T08:08:34Z","timestamp":1784189314000},"page":"2326","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Consumption of Commercial Non-Alcoholic Beverages Is Associated with Refractive Changes, Axial Length Changes and Myopia in Children and Adolescents"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Keyang","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Child and Adolescent Health, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongling","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Child and Adolescent Health, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaodong","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Child and Adolescent Health, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuangxiao","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Child and Adolescent Health, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liting","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Child and Adolescent Health, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shenglei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Child and Adolescent Health, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuting","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Child and Adolescent Health, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanting","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Child and Adolescent Health, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjuan","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Child and Adolescent Health, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengyun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Child and Adolescent Health, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunyan","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Child and Adolescent Health, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101410","article-title":"Interventions to reduce incidence and progression of myopia in children and adults","volume":"109","author":"Yam","year":"2025","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2023.02.002","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Burdens of Blindness and Vision Loss in Children and Adolescents from 1990 to 2019: A Trend Analysis","volume":"130","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.14147","article-title":"The impact of vision screening in preschool children on visual function in the Swedish adult population","volume":"97","author":"Thorisdottir","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.4.49","article-title":"The Complications of Myopia: A Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"61","author":"Haarman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35277","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-18400-4","article-title":"Prevalence and associated factors of myopia and axial length-related visual impairment in children and adolescents aged 4\u201318 years","volume":"15","author":"Mingming","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo-2022-321295","article-title":"Role of corneal radius of curvature in early identification of fundus tessellation in children with low myopia","volume":"107","author":"Gong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.5.2","article-title":"IMI Impact of Myopia","volume":"62","author":"Sankaridurg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"e079234","article-title":"Intake of sugar sweetened beverages among children and adolescents in 185 countries between 1990 and 2018: Population based study","volume":"386","author":"Micha","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Talati, Z., McAlpine, T., Mackenzie, K., Myers, G., Dana, L.M., Charlesworth, J., O\u2019Connor, M., Miller, C., Mullan, B.A., and Dixon, H.G. (2025). Parent and Child Choice of Sugary Drinks Under Four Labelling Conditions. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17111920"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2799","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-022-02851-w","article-title":"Long-term trends in the consumption of sugary and diet soft drinks among adolescents: A cross-national survey in 21 European countries","volume":"61","author":"Chatelan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2015). WHO Guidelines Approved by the Guidelines Review Committee. Guideline: Sugars Intake for Adults and Children, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Shen, L., Ning, J., Sun, Z., Xu, Y., Shi, Z., Song, Q., Lu, W., Ma, W., and Mai, S. (2024). The Consumption of Non-Sugar Sweetened and Ready-to-Drink Beverages as Emerging Types of Beverages in Shanghai. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16203547"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moon, S., Chung, S.J., and Oh, J. (2025). Effect of Nudge Interventions in Real-World Kiosks on Consumer Beverage Choices to Promote Non-Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17152524"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anzjph.2025.100238","article-title":"What about 100% juice and non-sugar sweeteners? A national study of support for taxes, labelling and marketing bans applied to sugary drinks, non-sugar sweetened beverages and 100% juice in Australia","volume":"49","author":"Miller","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Talati, Z., Charlesworth, J., Mackenzie, K., McAlpine, T., Myers, G., Miller, C., Dana, L.M., O\u2019Connor, M., Mullan, B.A., and Dixon, H.G. (2024). Exploring Sugary Drink Consumption and Perceptions among Primary-School-Aged Children and Parents in Australia. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16193320"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1111\/idh.12662","article-title":"Relation between caries experience and the consumption of sweetened drinks and processed food in children: A population-based study","volume":"21","author":"Amato","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31360","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-16784-x","article-title":"A feasibility study investigating the risk of prediabetes among children in New Zealand","volume":"15","author":"Cheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"e67802","article-title":"Pilot Study Assessing the Baseline Physical Activity and Knowledge of Heart Health of Elementary School-Aged Children in Rural South Carolina and the Impact of an Interactive Educational Program","volume":"16","author":"Deal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20619","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-71254-0","article-title":"Correlation analysis of myopia and dietary factors among primary and secondary school students in Shenyang, China","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"713","article-title":"Relationship between sugary food intake and myopia in 11\u201314 years old Chinese children in 2019\u20132021","volume":"51","author":"Ren","year":"2022","journal-title":"Wei Sheng Yan Jiu"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.20344\/amp.5361","article-title":"Diabetic eye disease","volume":"28","author":"Henriques","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Medica Port."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.321.7258.405","article-title":"Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): Prospective observational study","volume":"321","author":"Stratton","year":"2000","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-024-01063-8","article-title":"Perceived healthiness of sugary drinks and related social norms among adults in five countries: Evidence from the International Food Policy Study","volume":"24","author":"White","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135842","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.135842","article-title":"Air pollutant exposure is associated with visual trajectories and visual impairment in children","volume":"480","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980015002505","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the validity of FFQ targeted to adolescents","volume":"19","author":"Tabacchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.12399","article-title":"Validity of short food questionnaire items to measure intake in children and adolescents: A systematic review","volume":"30","author":"Golley","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hum. Nutr. Diet. Off. J. Br. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vioque, J., Gimenez-Monzo, D., Navarrete-Mu\u00f1oz, E.M., Garcia-de-la-Hera, M., Gonzalez-Palacios, S., Rebagliato, M., Ballester, F., Murcia, M., I\u00f1iguez, C., and Granado, F. (2016). Reproducibility and Validity of a Food Frequency Questionnaire Designed to Assess Diet in Children Aged 4\u20135 Years. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0167338"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"486","article-title":"Food Frequency Questionnaire for Chinese Children Aged 12-17 Years: Validity and Reliability","volume":"32","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Environ. Sci. BES"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2011). Standard for Logarithmic Visual Acuity Charts (Standard No. GB\/T 11533-2011)."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lyu, P., Shi, J., Wang, J., He, X., and Shi, H. (2025). Optimizing myopia screening referral guidelines for children aged 4 to 18 based on non-cycloplegic indicators. BMC Ophthalmol., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-025-04383-3"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1097\/APO.0000000000000487","article-title":"How to Conduct School Myopia Screening: Comparison Among Myopia Screening Tests and Determination of Associated Cutoffs","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Asia-Pac. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303728","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/303728","article-title":"Generalized Estimating Equations in Longitudinal Data Analysis: A Review and Recent Developments","volume":"2014","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Stat."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Chinese Nutrition Society (2022). Chinese Dietary Guidelines, People\u2019s Medical Publishing House."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.53.2.330","article-title":"Ca2+ and AMPK both mediate stimulation of glucose transport by muscle contractions","volume":"53","author":"Wright","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-024-03009-9","article-title":"Vitamin D and myopia: A review","volume":"44","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.embor.7400594","article-title":"Convergence of vitamin D and retinoic acid signalling at a common hormone response element","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-016-0128-8","article-title":"Low serum vitamin D is associated with axial length and risk of myopia in young children","volume":"31","author":"Tideman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43233","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-27353-7","article-title":"SMP30 May protect human lens epithelial cells against high glucose-induced oxidative damage by regulating the Keap1\/Nrf2\/NQO1 pathway","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(02)01109-7","article-title":"Effect of high-glucose levels on protein oxidation in cultured lens cells, and in crystalline and albumin solution and its inhibition by vitamin B6 and N-acetylcysteine: Its possible relevance to cataract formation in diabetes","volume":"33","author":"Jain","year":"2002","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ka\u017amierczak-Bara\u0144ska, J., Halczuk, K., and Karwowski, B.T. (2025). Thiamine (Vitamin B1)\u2014An Essential Health Regulator. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17132206"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karatas, E., Yavuzer, B., Demir, O., Sezgin, E.T., Hendem, E., Cinici, E., Coban, T.A., and Suleyman, H. (2025). Protective Role of Thiamine Pyrophosphate Against Erlotinib-Induced Oxidative and Inflammatory Damage in Rat Optic Nerve. Biomedicines, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13112614"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S64228","article-title":"Visual loss and optic nerve head swelling in thiamine deficiency without prolonged dietary deficiency","volume":"8","author":"Gratton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1017\/S095442242300015X","article-title":"Health effects of 100% fruit and vegetable juices: Evidence from human subject intervention studies","volume":"37","author":"Rossi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e010330","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-010330","article-title":"How much sugar is hidden in drinks marketed to children? A survey of fruit juices, juice drinks and smoothies","volume":"6","author":"Boulton","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384s","DOI":"10.3945\/an.112.003517","article-title":"Health-promoting components of fruits and vegetables in the diet","volume":"4","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"522","article-title":"Recent advances in probiotication of fruit and vegetable juices","volume":"10","author":"Rahman","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6073","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7085268","article-title":"Consumption Patterns of Fruit and Vegetable Juices and Dietary Nutrient Density among French Children and Adults","volume":"7","author":"Francou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.330622","article-title":"Lutein delays photoreceptor degeneration in a mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leung, M., Steinman, J., Li, D., Lor, A., Gruesen, A., Sadah, A., van Kuijk, F.J., Montezuma, S.R., Kondkar, A.A., and Radhakrishnan, R. (2024). The Logistical Backbone of Photoreceptor Cell Function: Complementary Mechanisms of Dietary Vitamin A Receptors and Rhodopsin Transporters. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202403.0848.v1"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campos, M.J., Silva, L.J.G., Pereira, A., and Pena, A. (2025). Non-sugar sweeteners and children: The current picture and controversies. Front. Nutr., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1676373"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kossiva, L., Kakleas, K., Christodouli, F., Soldatou, A., Karanasios, S., and Karavanaki, K. (2024). Chronic Use of Artificial Sweeteners: Pros and Cons. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16183162"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5394","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2024.2411410","article-title":"Deciphering the multifaceted effects of artificial sweeteners on body health and metabolic functions: A comprehensive review and future perspectives","volume":"65","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.67.5.11","article-title":"High-Dose Sucralose Is Associated with Lacrimal Circadian Remodeling, Reduced Immunometabolic Signatures, and Reduced Tear Secretion","volume":"67","author":"Qi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"40","article-title":"Corneal Sensory Nerve Injury Disrupts Lacrimal Gland Function by Altering Circadian Rhythms in Mice","volume":"66","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, J., Myers, J., and Slaughter, M.M. (2023). Saccharin and aspartame excite rat retinal neurons. Front. Ophthalmol., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fopht.2023.1273575"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eshaghian, N., Zare, M.J., Mohammadian, M.K., Gozidehkar, Z., Ahansaz, A., Askari, G., Asadi, M., Milajerdi, A., and Sadeghi, O. (2023). Sugar sweetened beverages, natural fruit juices, and cancer: What we know and what still needs to be assessed. Front. Nutr., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1301335"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2012.03.019","article-title":"The combination of IGF1 and FGF2 and the induction of excessive ocular growth and extreme myopia","volume":"99","author":"Ritchey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103773","article-title":"Corneal parameters, ocular biometers, and retinal and choroidal thickness in acromegaly patients","volume":"44","author":"Batur","year":"2023","journal-title":"Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8436","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.8436","article-title":"Association of IGF1 single-nucleotide polymorphisms with myopia in Chinese children","volume":"8","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.110852","article-title":"Sweet poison for the eyes: High-Fructose diets as drivers of metabolic disruption and ocular diseases\u2014Insights and therapeutic horizons","volume":"264","author":"Chen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2024.110008","article-title":"Long-term high fructose intake reprograms the circadian transcriptome and disrupts homeostasis in mouse extra-orbital lacrimal glands","volume":"246","author":"Qi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2025.167758","article-title":"Update in the molecular mechanism and biomarkers of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"1871","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2009.04.016","article-title":"The role of advanced glycation end products in retinal ageing and disease","volume":"1790","author":"Glenn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-022-03670-5","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 cooperatively exacerbate neurovascular degeneration in the neonatal rat retina","volume":"390","author":"Asano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2020.1712730","article-title":"Diabetes-Induced Inflammation and Vascular Alterations in the Goto-Kakizaki Rat Retina","volume":"45","author":"Hachana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/14\/2326\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T04:19:29Z","timestamp":1784348369000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/14\/2326"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["nu18142326"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu18142326","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]}}}