{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T18:53:19Z","timestamp":1789152799682,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Quillen College of Medicine, Center for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity\/Center of Excellence"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Many HIV-positive (HIV+) males receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) experience metabolic complications, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD); lipodystrophy; and intestinal dysbiosis, often characterized by a Prevotella-rich enterotype. Gut microbial fermentation produces short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which play important roles in host metabolism. This study investigated the relationships among HAART, anthropometrics, diet, intestinal permeability, gut microbiota composition, and lipodystrophy in HIV+ males. Methods: Forty males aged 23\u201360 years were enrolled, including 19 HIV+ participants recruited from the East Tennessee State University (ETSU) Health Infectious Diseases Specialty Clinic and 20 HIV-negative (HIV\u2212) controls recruited through standard methods. Participants provided a stool sample for 16S rRNA gene sequencing, SCFA analysis by gas chromatography, and proximate analysis, and completed a food frequency questionnaire. Lipodystrophy-related measures included body mass index (BMI), hip-to-waist ratio (H:W), and liver health assessment using FibroScan. Blood samples were collected by venipuncture. Serum markers of intestinal permeability, including Claudin-21, flagellin, and intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (IFABP), were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: HIV+ males exhibited significantly higher H:W ratios (p = 0.001) and hepatic steatosis (p = 0.0047) than HIV\u2212 controls (Welsh\u2019s t-test). Concentrations of isobutyrate (p = 0.0024), isovalerate (p = 0.0008), and valerate (p = 0.0329) were elevated in HIV+ participants, whereas butyrate (p = 0.0014) and total acetate\/propionate\/butyrate (APB) (p = 0.0046) were higher in HIV\u2212 males (Welsh\u2019s t-test). HIV+ participants also showed greater abundances of Prevotella and Lachnospiraceae (Analysis of Compositions of Microbiomes; ANCOM). Retrospective analysis revealed that all HIV+ participants were men who have sex with men (MSM). Conclusions: HIV+ males demonstrated distinct gut microbiome profiles, altered SCFA production, and markers of disrupted lipid metabolism. These findings provide a foundation for future investigations of microbiome-metabolism interactions in HIV+ MSM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18142328","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T08:08:34Z","timestamp":1784189314000},"page":"2328","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Intestinal Microbiome, Fecal Fermentation Profile, and Health Indices in HIV-Positive Men Versus Normal Controls Without HIV"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Mary C.","family":"Andreae","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA"},{"name":"Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William A.","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA"},{"name":"Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Sterrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioral Neuroendocrinology Laboratory, Integrative Physiology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Adkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease, and Immunity, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan P.","family":"Moorman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease, and Immunity, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian M.","family":"Cartwright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2026, June 25). 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