{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T23:19:00Z","timestamp":1792019940790,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["RD21\/0016\/0018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD21\/0016\/0018"]}]},{"award":["RD21\/0016\/0018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD21\/0016\/0018"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ca2c886","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"European Union\u2013Next Generation EU, Recovery and Resilience Facility","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI25\/00071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI25\/00071"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["PI25\/00071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI25\/00071"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019w4f821","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Government of Castilla y Le\u00f3n","award":["GRS 2976\/C\/2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRS 2976\/C\/2024"]}]},{"name":"Government of Castilla y Le\u00f3n","award":["GRS 3007\/C\/2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRS 3007\/C\/2024"]}]},{"name":"Government of Castilla y Le\u00f3n","award":["GRS 2714\/C\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRS 2714\/C\/2023"]}]},{"name":"Government of Castilla y Le\u00f3n","award":["GRS 2501\/B\/22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRS 2501\/B\/22"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100032379","name":"Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["IBYAP23_00001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IBYAP23_00001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100032379","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"area of Respiratory Diseases","award":["CIBER CB22\/06\/00035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIBER CB22\/06\/00035"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Long COVID (LC) has been associated with persistent inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. Dietary components, particularly vitamins, are involved in inflammation, oxidative stress, and vascular homeostasis, and may influence arterial stiffness in this population. However, the relationship between dietary vitamin intake and vascular stiffness parameters in patients with LC remains poorly understood. Objective: To analyze the association between dietary vitamin intake and central and peripheral arterial stiffness, evaluated by carotid\u2013femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) and brachial\u2013ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV), in patients with LC. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study that included 304 patients with LC. Dietary vitamin intake was assessed using a validated 7-day dietary record (EVIDENT tool). Vascular assessment included cfPWV and baPWV, measured using validated devices (SphygmoCor\u00ae and VaSera\u00ae). Multiple linear regression analyses were performed to evaluate the associations between vitamin intake and vascular parameters. Model 1 was adjusted for age and sex, while Model 2 additionally included the number of metabolic syndrome components, the SF-36 general health domain, and adherence to the Mediterranean diet. Correction for multiple comparisons was performed using the Benjamini\u2013Hochberg procedure across 36 vitamin\u2013outcome\u2013model contrasts. Results: The mean age was 52.78 \u00b1 11.91 years, and 207 participants were women (68.1%); men were older than women (p = 0.004). In multiple regression analysis, inverse estimates for vitamin B1 intake with cfPWV were observed in both Model 1 (\u03b2 = \u22120.568; 95% CI: \u22121.016 to \u22120.119; p = 0.014) and Model 2 (\u03b2 = \u22120.491; 95% CI: \u22120.923 to \u22120.059; p = 0.027). Vitamin B6 intake showed a similar pattern with cfPWV in Model 1 (\u03b2 = \u22120.312; 95% CI: \u22120.606 to \u22120.018; p = 0.039) and Model 2 (\u03b2 = \u22120.302; 95% CI: \u22120.586 to \u22120.018; p = 0.038). Vitamin B2 showed inverse but non-significant associations with cfPWV. No significant associations were observed between vitamin intake and baPWV. After FDR correction, no vitamin-arterial stiffness association remained statistically significant; the FDR-adjusted q-value for the B1\/B6-cfPWV estimates was 0.347. Conclusions: In this exploratory cross-sectional study, habitual food-based vitamin intake was not significantly associated with central or peripheral arterial stiffness after correction for multiple comparisons. Vitamins B1 and B6 showed inverse nominal estimates with cfPWV; however, these estimates did not survive FDR correction and were not reproduced for baPWV. Longitudinal studies incorporating biochemical micronutrient markers, medication and supplementation data, inflammatory and homocysteine-related biomarkers, and repeated vascular assessment are needed to clarify whether vitamin status is related to vascular health among individuals with persistent post-COVID-19 symptoms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18142336","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T00:55:59Z","timestamp":1784249759000},"page":"2336","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Dietary Vitamin Intake and Central and Peripheral Arterial Stiffness in Patients with Long COVID: The BioICOPER Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8176-6937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Arjol","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n de Atenci\u00f3n Primaria de Salamanca (APISAL), Avd. Portugal, 37005 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Paseo de San Vicente, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Red de Investigaci\u00f3n Sobre Cronicidad, Atenci\u00f3n Primaria y Promoci\u00f3n de la Salud (RICAPPS), 37005 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7056-9979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Arroyo-Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n de Atenci\u00f3n Primaria de Salamanca (APISAL), Avd. Portugal, 37005 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca, Calle Alfonso X El Sabio s\/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Servicio de Salud de Castilla y Le\u00f3n-SACYL, Gesti\u00f3n Regional de Salud, 37005 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3192-4092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Navarro-Mat\u00edas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n de Atenci\u00f3n Primaria de Salamanca (APISAL), Avd. Portugal, 37005 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Paseo de San Vicente, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Red de Investigaci\u00f3n Sobre Cronicidad, Atenci\u00f3n Primaria y Promoci\u00f3n de la Salud (RICAPPS), 37005 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca, Calle Alfonso X El Sabio s\/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Servicio de Salud de Castilla y Le\u00f3n-SACYL, Gesti\u00f3n Regional de Salud, 37005 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1940-7993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicia","family":"Navarro-C\u00e1ceres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n de Atenci\u00f3n Primaria de Salamanca (APISAL), Avd. Portugal, 37005 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca, Calle Alfonso X El Sabio s\/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Servicio de Salud de Castilla y Le\u00f3n-SACYL, Gesti\u00f3n Regional de Salud, 37005 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2578-3561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuria","family":"Su\u00e1rez-Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n de Atenci\u00f3n Primaria de Salamanca (APISAL), Avd. Portugal, 37005 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca, Calle Alfonso X El Sabio s\/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Servicio de Salud de Castilla y Le\u00f3n-SACYL, Gesti\u00f3n Regional de Salud, 37005 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0781-1415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Dom\u00ednguez-Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n de Atenci\u00f3n Primaria de Salamanca (APISAL), Avd. Portugal, 37005 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Paseo de San Vicente, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Red de Investigaci\u00f3n Sobre Cronicidad, Atenci\u00f3n Primaria y Promoci\u00f3n de la Salud (RICAPPS), 37005 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca, Calle Alfonso X El Sabio s\/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0133-6123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel A.","family":"G\u00f3mez-Marcos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n de Atenci\u00f3n Primaria de Salamanca (APISAL), Avd. Portugal, 37005 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Paseo de San Vicente, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Red de Investigaci\u00f3n Sobre Cronicidad, Atenci\u00f3n Primaria y Promoci\u00f3n de la Salud (RICAPPS), 37005 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca, Calle Alfonso X El Sabio s\/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Servicio de Salud de Castilla y Le\u00f3n-SACYL, Gesti\u00f3n Regional de Salud, 37005 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5550-0913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"G\u00f3mez-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Hospitalizaci\u00f3n Domiciliaria, Hospital Universitario Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla, 39008 Santander, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8663-9339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leticia","family":"G\u00f3mez-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Urgencias, Hospital Universitario de La Paz, P. de Castellana, 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"BioICOPER Investigators Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adl0867","article-title":"Solving the puzzle of Long Covid","volume":"383","author":"Topol","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00846-2","article-title":"Long COVID: Major findings, mechanisms and recommendations","volume":"21","author":"Davis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stojanovic, M., Djuric, M., Nenadic, I., Bojic, S., Andrijevic, A., Popovic, A., and Pesic, S. (2025). Vascular Complications of Long COVID-From Endothelial Dysfunction to Systemic Thrombosis: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27010433"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadg7942","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adg7942","article-title":"Persistent complement dysregulation with signs of thromboinflammation in active Long Covid","volume":"383","author":"Hoch","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70029","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.70029","article-title":"Arterial stiffness in adults with Long COVID in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"12","author":"Theresa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Durieux, J.C., Zisis, S.N., Mouchati, C., Labbato, D., Abboud, M., and McComsey, G.A. (2024). Sex Modifies the Effect of COVID-19 on Arterial Elasticity. Viruses, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/v16071089"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2284","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000001961","article-title":"2018 Practice Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension and the European Society of Cardiology: ESH\/ESC Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension","volume":"36","author":"Williams","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.09097","article-title":"Brachial-Ankle Pulse Wave Velocity and the Risk Prediction of Cardiovascular Disease: An Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis","volume":"69","author":"Ohkuma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2024.108894","article-title":"Prognostic value of pulse wave velocity for cardiovascular disease risk stratification in diabetic patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Cheong","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Complicat."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Gao, F., Cao, F., Lv, S., Hou, Y., Guo, W., Zhang, C., and Liu, A. (2025). Association of estimated pulse wave velocity with cardiovascular disease outcomes and all-cause death-a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2025.1641697"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prelevi\u0107, V., Blagus, L., Bo\u0161njak, V., Radunovi\u0107, D., Marinovi\u0107 Glavi\u0107, M., Premu\u017ei\u0107, V., Kos, J., Pe\u0107in, I., \u017deljkovi\u0107 Vrki\u0107, T., and Domislovi\u0107, M. (2024). Estimated Pulse Wave Velocity and All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality in the General Population. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13123377"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-3180.2020.0364.r1.0412020","article-title":"Prediction of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality using central hemodynamic indices among elderly people: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"139","author":"Vieceli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sao Paulo Med. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2009.10.061","article-title":"Prediction of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality with arterial stiffness: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"55","author":"Vlachopoulos","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-026-06825-6","article-title":"Microcirculatory impairment and increased arterial stiffness in pediatric Long COVID patients","volume":"185","author":"Boever","year":"2026","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8784971","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8784971","article-title":"Crosstalk between Vitamins A, B12, D, K, C, and E Status and Arterial Stiffness","volume":"2017","author":"Mozos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dis. Markers"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patino-Alonso, M.C., G\u00f3mez S\u00e1nchez, M., G\u00f3mez S\u00e1nchez, L., Alonso-Dom\u00ednguez, R., S\u00e1nchez-Aguadero, N., S\u00e1nchez Salgado, B., Rodr\u00edguez S\u00e1nchez, E., Garc\u00eda Ortiz, L., and G\u00f3mez-Marcos, M.A. (2020). Multivariate Analysis of Influence of Vitamin Intake on Vascular Function Parameters by Sex in the General Spanish Population: EVA Study. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12030643"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.12555","article-title":"Plasma Homocysteine is a Predictive Factor for Arterial Stiffness: A Community-Based 4.8-Year Prospective Study","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.04.010","article-title":"Plasma homocysteine, dietary B vitamins, betaine, and choline and risk of peripheral artery disease","volume":"235","author":"Bertoia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saz-Lara, A., Del Saz-Lara, A., Lever-Megina, C.G., Valladolid-Ayll\u00f3n, S., T\u00e9bar-Garc\u00eda, D., Gal\u00e1n-Moya, E.M., and Cavero-Redondo, I. (2026). Association between homocysteine levels and arterial stiffness in the adult population: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Postgrad. Med. J., qgaf137.","DOI":"10.1093\/postmj\/qgaf137"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-015-0896-z","article-title":"Habitual dietary intake of \u03b2-carotene, vitamin C, folate, or vitamin E may interact with single nucleotide polymorphisms on brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity in healthy adults","volume":"55","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alonso-Diaz, J., G\u00f3mez-S\u00e1nchez, M., S\u00e1nchez-Moreno, A., Lugones-S\u00e1nchez, C., Rodriguez-Sanchez, E., Garcia-Ortiz, L., G\u00f3mez-S\u00e1nchez, L., and G\u00f3mez-Marcos, M.A. (2026). Association Between Increased Central and Peripheral Arterial 2 Stiffness and Vitamin Intake in Healthy Adults: EVA Follow-Up 3 Study. Nutrients, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18050745"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vollbracht, C., and Kraft, K. (2022). Oxidative Stress and Hyper-Inflammation as Major Drivers of Severe COVID-19 and Long COVID: Implications for the Benefit of High-Dose Intravenous Vitamin C. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.899198"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.114.195826","article-title":"Antioxidant vitamin supplementation reduces arterial stiffness in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"144","author":"Ashor","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atieh, O., Daher, J., Durieux, J.C., Abboud, M., Labbato, D., Baissary, J., Koberssy, Z., Ailstock, K., Cummings, M., and Funderburg, N.T. (2025). Vitamins K2 and D3 Improve Long COVID, Fungal Translocation, and Inflammation: Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17020304"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"505","article-title":"Vitamin D and Vitamin K: Synergistic Roles and Emerging Evidence for Combined Supplementation","volume":"16","author":"Khandelwal","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Midlife Health"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayoub, G. (2025). Vitamins, Vascular Health and Disease. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17182955"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1038\/s41371-022-00762-1","article-title":"Differential role of central and peripheral arterial stiffness in determining brachial artery resting retrograde flow in patients with ischemic heart disease vs healthy subjects","volume":"37","author":"Badhwar","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hum. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shibata, T., Mok, Y., Ballew, S.H., Tanaka, H., and Matsushita, K. (2025). Peripheral vs. Central Arterial Stiffness and Cardiovascular Events in Older Adults: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol., zwaf545.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwaf545"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Recio-Rodr\u00edguez, J.I., Mart\u00edn-Cantera, C., Gonz\u00e1lez-Viejo, N., G\u00f3mez-Arranz, A., Arietaleanizbeascoa, M.S., Schmolling-Guinovart, Y., Maderuelo-Fernandez, J.A., P\u00e9rez-Arechaederra, D., Rodriguez-Sanchez, E., and G\u00f3mez-Marcos, M.A. (2014). Effectiveness of a smartphone application for improving healthy lifestyles, a randomized clinical trial (EVIDENT II): Study protocol. BMC Public Health, 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-254"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez-S\u00e1nchez, L., Tamayo-Morales, O., Su\u00e1rez-Moreno, N., Bermejo-Mart\u00edn, J.F., Dom\u00ednguez-Mart\u00edn, A., Mart\u00edn-Oterino, J.A., Mart\u00edn-Gonz\u00e1lez, J.I., Gonz\u00e1lez-Calle, D., Garc\u00eda-Garc\u00eda, \u00c1., and Lugones-S\u00e1nchez, C. (2023). Relationship between the structure, function and endothelial damage, and vascular ageing and the biopsychological situation in adults diagnosed with persistent COVID (BioICOPER study). A research protocol of a cross-sectional study. Front. Physiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1236430"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e102","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00703-9","article-title":"A clinical case definition of post-COVID-19 condition by a Delphi consensus","volume":"22","author":"Soriano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"von Elm, E., Altman, D.G., Egger, M., Pocock, S.J., G\u00f8tzsche, P.C., Vandenbroucke, J.P. (2007). The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement: Guidelines for reporting observational studies. PLoS Med., 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040296"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11463","DOI":"10.2196\/11463","article-title":"EVIDENT Smartphone App, a New Method for the Dietary Record: Comparison with a Food Frequency Questionnaire","volume":"7","author":"Arietaleanizbeaskoa","year":"2019","journal-title":"JMIR mHealth uHealth"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"e202203034","article-title":"Ingestas nutricionales de referencia (INR) de minerales y vitaminas para la poblaci\u00f3n espa\u00f1ola (2019)","volume":"96","author":"Giner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Salud P\u00fablica"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) (2017). Dietary Reference Values for Nutrients: Summary Report, EFSA Supporting Publications."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Ortega, R.M., Requejo, A.M., Navia, B., L\u00f3pez-Sobaler, A.M., and Aparicio, A. (2019). Ingestas Diarias Recomendadas de Energ\u00eda y Nutrientes para la Poblaci\u00f3n Espa\u00f1ola, Departamento de Nutrici\u00f3n, Universidad Complutense de Madrid."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e32834fa8b0","article-title":"Expert consensus document on the measurement of aortic stiffness in daily practice using carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity","volume":"30","author":"Laurent","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reference Values for Arterial Stiffness\u2019 Collaboration (2010). Determinants of pulse wave velocity in healthy people and in the presence of cardiovascular risk factors: Establishing normal and reference values. Eur. Heart J., 31, 2338\u20132350.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehq165"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1291\/hypres.25.359","article-title":"Validity, reproducibility, and clinical significance of noninvasive brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity measurement","volume":"25","author":"Yamashina","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hypertens. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.2147\/VHRM.S223330","article-title":"The Background of Calculating CAVI: Lesson from the Discrepancy Between CAVI and CAVI(0)","volume":"16","author":"Takahashi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vasc. Health Risk Manag."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(1988). WHO MONICA Project Principal Investigators. The World Health Organization MONICA Project (monitoring trends and determinants in cardiovascular disease): A major international collaboration. J. Clin. Epidemiol., 41, 105\u2013114.","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(88)90084-4"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.110.135566","article-title":"A short screener is valid for assessing Mediterranean diet adherence among older Spanish men and women","volume":"141","author":"Estruch","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.8.7.1014","article-title":"Validity and reliability of the Omron HJ-303 tri-axial accelerometer-based pedometer","volume":"8","author":"Steeves","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Phys. Act. Health"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"771","article-title":"The Spanish version of the SF-36 Health Survey (the SF-36 health questionnaire): An instrument for measuring clinical results","volume":"104","author":"Alonso","year":"1995","journal-title":"Med. Clin."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192644","article-title":"Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: A joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity","volume":"120","author":"Alberti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"World Medical Association (2025). World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Participants. JAMA, 333, 71\u201374.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.21972"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bokayeva, K., Jamka, M., Banaszak, M., Makarewicz-Bukowska, A., Adamczak, A., Chrobot, M., Janicka, A., Jaworska, N., and Walkowiak, J. (2023). The Effect of Folic Acid Supplementation on Endothelial Function and Arterial Stiffness Markers in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Healthcare, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11182524"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/14\/2336\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T04:15:16Z","timestamp":1784348116000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/14\/2336"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["nu18142336"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu18142336","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]}}}