{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T10:50:24Z","timestamp":1785408624688,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012190","name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["022\/RID\/2018\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["022\/RID\/2018\/19"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["022\/RID\/2018\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["022\/RID\/2018\/19"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05dwvd537","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Rearrangement of the gut microbiota toward a symbiotic profile may be influenced by physical activity and diet in both healthy and obese individuals. This study aimed to characterize gut microbiota using next-generation sequencing (NGS) and to evaluate the effect of a 6-week Nordic Walking (NW) program combined with Time-Restricted Eating (TRE; 10 h eating window) in individuals with obesity. Methods: The study included healthy controls (C; n = 10; 64.7 \u00b1 6.7 years) and individuals with obesity (A; n = 10; 60.0 \u00b1 4.5 years). The intervention consisted of three moderate-intensity NW sessions per week, individually adapted to participants\u2019 capacity. Gut microbiota was analyzed using nanopore 16S rRNA sequencing (V3\u2013V9 regions). Results: Baseline microbial composition differed significantly between obese and control groups, with Bray\u2013Curtis dissimilarity ranging from 49.98% (phylum) to 65.97% (species) (p \u2264 0.02). After intervention, within-group dissimilarity in the obese cohort (A vs. B) decreased to 25.24\u201351.86% but was not significant (p = 0.88\u20131.00). Post-intervention comparisons (B vs. C) still showed significant differences at higher taxonomic levels, including class (44.10%, p = 0.015), order (31.62%, p = 0.022), family (50.48%, p = 0.011), genus (58.09%, p = 0.005), and species (63.47%, p = 0.0003). Alpha diversity showed no significant differences at species and genus levels, but significant group effects were observed at higher ranks, including order (Shannon p = 0.01; Simpson p = 0.01), class (Simpson p = 0.02), and phylum (Shannon p = 0.02). Conclusions: The NW + TRE intervention was associated with partial normalization of gut microbiota structure and reduced microbial dissimilarity, suggesting a shift toward a more symbiotic profile; however, differences compared with controls persisted, indicating incomplete convergence after 6 weeks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18142373","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T16:19:27Z","timestamp":1784564367000},"page":"2373","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nordic Walking Combined with Time-Restricted Eating Is Associated with Changes in Gut Microbiota Composition in Adults with Obesity\u2014Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Alicja","family":"Nowak-Zaleska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences and Health, Kazimierz Wielki University, 85-091 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1855-1276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga","family":"Czerwi\u0144ska-Ledwig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Basic Sciences, Faculty of Physiotherapy, University of Physical Culture, 31-571 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"\u017bychowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences and Health, Kazimierz Wielki University, 85-091 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Meyza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Wielkopolskich 10, 85-090 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8784-9258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorota","family":"\u0141oboda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences and Health, Kazimierz Wielki University, 85-091 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5225-9397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Pa\u0142ka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Culture, 31-571 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agata","family":"Szlachetka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Applied Sciences in Tarnow, 33-100 Tarn\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Ziemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Pozna\u0144 University of Physical Education, 61-871 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Niew\u0119g\u0142owski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ETER-MED, Non-Public Healthcare Centre, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9535-173X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Kurkiewicz-Piotrowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Basic Sciences, Faculty of Physiotherapy, University of Physical Culture, 31-571 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-018-2943-4","article-title":"An insight into gut microbiota and its functionalities","volume":"76","author":"Adak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell. 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