{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T10:03:33Z","timestamp":1784714613986,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":9,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objective: Non-IgE-mediated food allergies (non-IgE-FAs) are increasingly recognized in infancy as causes of delayed gastrointestinal symptoms, nutritional compromise, and impaired growth. This retrospective study aimed to evaluate longitudinal growth outcomes in children with non-IgE-FAs managed with different dietary interventions and to explore phenotype-specific differences and clinical correlations. Methods: Children diagnosed with non-IgE-FAs at the Pediatric Clinic Unit of Salesi Hospital (Ancona, Italy) between July 2022 and June 2025 were included. Anthropometric, clinical, and laboratory data were collected at baseline (T0) and follow-up visits at 6, 12, and 18 months. Weight-, length-, and BMI-for-age z-scores were calculated using Growth Calculator 4.0. Longitudinal growth trends were assessed through individual linear regression slopes, and dietary intervention effects were evaluated with ANOVA models. Results: Thirty-seven children were included (57% male), 95% of whom were diagnosed with CMA. Slope analyses demonstrated significant positive trends for BMI z-scores (median 0.340, IQR \u22120.171 to 1.130; p = 0.013). BMI slope differed according to phenotype when comparing children with FPE and those with FPIAP (mean slope = 0.068 \u00b1 0.795 vs. 0.782 \u00b1 0.873, respectively; p = 0.048). No significant differences in BMI improvement were observed between children on an elimination diet, breastfed children whose mothers followed an elimination diet, and those on a free diet. Conclusion: Dietary management in children with non-IgE-FAs was associated with improved growth trajectories, particularly in BMI-for-age z-scores. Children with FPE showed a less favorable BMI trajectory than those with FPIAP. Although the choice of dietary strategy did not significantly affect growth outcomes in this cohort, individualized nutritional assessment and judicious use of elimination diets remain essential. Larger prospective studies are needed to refine phenotype-specific nutritional strategies and optimize long-term outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18142387","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T09:20:39Z","timestamp":1784712039000},"page":"2387","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Growth Outcomes and Dietary Strategies in Non-IgE-Mediated Food Allergies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3948-2379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianluca","family":"Di Cesare","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal and Child Health, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria delle Marche, 60123 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Monachesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60123 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3231-0961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annalisa","family":"Carciofi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60123 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2890-7159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Borgiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60123 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Rita","family":"Incampo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60123 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5923-5213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Gatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60123 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Lionetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60123 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70060","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.70060","article-title":"An Update on the Diagnosis and Management of Non-IgE-Mediated Food Allergies in Children","volume":"36","author":"Meyer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13856","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.13856","article-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Food Allergy-associated Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Young Children\u2014EAACI Position Paper","volume":"33","author":"Meyer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2025, August 01). Growth Calculator 4. Available online: https:\/\/www.weboriented.it\/gh4\/downloads\/index.php."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coppola, S., Carucci, L., Agizza, A., Nocerino, R., Carandente, R., Catalano, M.F., and Berni Canani, R. (2025). The Impact of Dietary Counseling on the Nutritional Status of Pediatric Patients with Non-IgE-Mediated Gastrointestinal Food Allergies: A Non-Randomized, Prospective Intervention Study. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17061080"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-022-01277-8","article-title":"Diagnostic Therapeutic Care Pathway for Pediatric Food Allergies and Intolerances in Italy: A Joint Position Paper by the Italian Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition (SIGENP) and the Italian Society for Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (SIAIP)","volume":"48","author":"Caffarelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ital. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13947","article-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Non-IgE Gastrointestinal Allergies in Breastfed Infants\u2014An EAACI Position Paper","volume":"75","author":"Meyer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.12844","article-title":"Proposal for Management of the Infant with Suspected Food Protein-induced Allergic Proctocolitis","volume":"29","author":"Monaco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"14","article-title":"Are We Meeting the Needs? A Systematic Review of Nutritional Gaps and Growth Outcomes in Children with Multiple Food Allergies","volume":"17","author":"Carciofi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000003897","article-title":"An ESPGHAN Position Paper on the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Cow\u2019s Milk Allergy","volume":"78","author":"Vandenplas","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/14\/2387\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T09:29:17Z","timestamp":1784712557000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/14\/2387"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"references-count":9,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["nu18142387"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu18142387","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]}}}