{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T23:54:32Z","timestamp":1790380472609,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science and Technology Major Project for Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases","award":["2023ZD0509900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZD0509900"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFC2307003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC2307003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003819","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2025AFD564"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025AFD564"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003819","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As obesity, diabetes and other diet-related metabolic disorders continue to rise, non-nutritive artificial sweeteners (NASs) are widely used as sugar substitutes in free-sugar reduction and weight-management strategies, but their effects on the gut microbiota, host metabolism and related health outcomes remain debated. To clarify this evidence landscape, this review synthesizes current knowledge on the effects of major NAS on the gut microbiota and host metabolic and health-related outcome. A bibliometric analysis was conducted to characterize the development, knowledge structure and thematic evolution of this research area. For the eight NAS exposure categories included in this review (saccharin, cyclamate, aspartame, acesulfame potassium, sucralose, neotame, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone and mixed NAS), we performed a compound-specific analysis integrating physicochemical characteristics, regulatory status, and research findings from in vitro, ex vivo, animal and human studies on gut microbiota alterations, host metabolic and health-related outcomes. These findings were further compared through four interpretive dimensions: exposure conditions, research model background, outcome assessment and interpretation of discordant results. Current research evidence does not support a class-wide conclusion that NAS are uniformly harmful or safe. To make research findings searchable, we developed the NAS-MAP knowledge graph, an interactive non-nutritive artificial sweetener\u2013microbiota-associated phenotype knowledge graph. Overall, this review consolidates current knowledge, clarifies the sources of inconsistent findings, and provides a framework for more mechanistically informative studies, standardized evidence reporting, and more precise sweetener-, exposure- and population-specific dietary and public health guidance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18142402","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T01:01:28Z","timestamp":1784768488000},"page":"2402","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of Non-Nutritive Artificial Sweeteners on Gut Microbiota and Host Metabolism and Health-Related Outcomes: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Yefu","family":"Xin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China"},{"name":"School of Life Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianzhizi","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3888-0931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ralf","family":"Weiskirchen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengyu","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hualin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"NCD-RisC (2024). 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