{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T10:00:00Z","timestamp":1785405600977,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016573","name":"Japan Association for Diabetes Education and Care","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025-FND-005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025-FND-005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016573","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2025-FND-005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025-FND-005"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05snmp989","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Body mass index (BMI) changes across the life course, yet most studies rely on single time-point measures and focus primarily on obesity. Whether self-reported eating speed is associated with long-term weight-history groups, including persistent underweight, remains unclear. Methods: This retrospective cohort study used Japanese health checkup data from 564,198 participants. According to BMI history in their twenties, participants were classified into normal-weight, underweight-history, and obesity-history groups. The underweight-history and obesity-history groups were further stratified according to the proportion of BMI measurements obtained during the entire observation period that indicated the respective weight state (0\u201325%, 25\u201350%, 50\u201375%, and 75\u2013100%). Repeated BMI measurements were analyzed using linear mixed-effects models to characterize longitudinal differences across weight-history groups. Associations of self-reported eating speed with these groups were examined using sex-stratified multivariable logistic regression models. Results: BMI differed clearly across weight-history groups in both sexes. Self-reported eating speed showed a dose-dependent and bidirectional association. In women, the odds of fast eating increased progressively with increasing obesity proportion, reaching an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 1.47 (95% CI 1.40\u20131.53) in the 75\u2013100% obesity group; in men, the corresponding OR was 2.40 (95% CI 2.35\u20132.45). Conversely, the odds of slow eating increased with increasing underweight proportion, reaching ORs of 1.89 (95% CI 1.82\u20131.96) in women and 2.45 (95% CI 2.35\u20132.56) in men in the 75\u2013100% underweight group. In additional analyses, self-reported eating speed also showed persistence over follow-up: the mean proportion of follow-up responses matching the baseline self-reported eating-speed category was 72.33% (95% CI 71.25\u201373.42) in women and 79.90% (95% CI 79.55\u201380.25) in men in the 75\u2013100% obesity group for fast eating, and 72.84% (95% CI 72.00\u201373.68) in women and 68.24% (95% CI 67.08\u201369.39) in men in the 75\u2013100% underweight group for slow eating. Conclusions: Self-reported eating speed showed a consistent bidirectional association with long-term weight-history groups in both sexes and remained relatively persistent over follow-up. These findings suggest that self-reported eating speed may be a behavioral correlate of long-term weight-history groups.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18152412","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T07:36:13Z","timestamp":1784878573000},"page":"2412","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Self-Reported Eating Speed Is Dose-Dependently and Bidirectionally Associated with Long-Term Underweight- and Obesity-Related Weight-History Groups"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9837-6238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katsumi","family":"Iizuka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2023.05.026","article-title":"Obesity: A review of pathophysiology and classification","volume":"98","author":"Busebee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. 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