{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:37:58Z","timestamp":1785411478428,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science and Technology Council","award":["NSTC 114-2320-B-005-008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 114-2320-B-005-008"]}]},{"award":["NSTC 114-2320-B-005-008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 114-2320-B-005-008"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02kv4zf79","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease involving barrier dysfunction, pruritus, and immune dysregulation, and microbial-based interventions are being explored as supportive approaches. This study first conducted an exploratory pilot model-development experiment to characterize DNCB-induced dermatitis-like inflammation and subsequently compared oral live Lactobacillus, heat-killed Lactobacillus (paraprobiotics), and a combined live\/heat-killed formulation after disease induction. Methods: Male BALB\/c mice received repeated topical DNCB exposure followed by 21 days of oral intervention. Outcomes included gross lesion scores, cumulative scratching time, ear and spleen indices, histopathology, qualitative mast-cell staining in the therapeutic experiment, and serum IgE, IL-4, and IFN-\u03b3. Longitudinal gross scores were reanalyzed using generalized estimating equations with group, time, and group-by-time interaction. Results: After Holm correction, the mixed formulation showed a lower left-ear erythema score than placebo at Week 2, whereas no other intervention-versus-placebo gross-score comparison remained significant. Paraprobiotic and mixed formulations reduced spleen weight, but histopathological and serum biomarker responses were variable. Conclusions: These findings indicate partial, endpoint-dependent effects of live and heat-killed Lactobacillus formulations in DNCB-induced dermatitis-like inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18152419","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T13:53:26Z","timestamp":1784901206000},"page":"2419","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative Effects of Live and Heat-Killed Lactobacillus Formulations on DNCB-Induced Dermatitis-like Skin Inflammation in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Yu-Syuan","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, No.145 Xingda Rd., South Dist., Taichung 40227, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9480-4023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhen-Shu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan"},{"name":"Center for Environmental Sustainability and Human Health, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan"},{"name":"Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Jie","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, No.145 Xingda Rd., South Dist., Taichung 40227, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1230-1532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Po-Wen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, No.145 Xingda Rd., South Dist., Taichung 40227, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.20344\/amp.11963","article-title":"Update on atopic dermatitis","volume":"32","author":"Torres","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Med. 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