{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T06:58:52Z","timestamp":1785135532181,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":249,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Head and neck cancer (HNC) comprises a heterogeneous group of tumours, most often of squamous cell origin, characterized by both high morbidity and mortality rates. It is the seventh most common form of cancer diagnosed in humans, accounting for approximately 4.7% of all cancers. Among HNCs, neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is predicted to become the most common form of human cancer. Some sources include oesophagus (ESCC) in this group due to their similar histology, being described as upper aerodigestive tract cancers (UADT). Unfortunately, 60\u201370% of cases are diagnosed late, i.e., at clinical stages III-IV. As a result, despite modern surgical techniques and oncological treatments, the survival rate remains below 40\u201360% due to frequent lymph node metastases and local tumour recurrence. There is a growing concern that diet and inflammatory dietary components may influence the initiation and development of HNSCC. The inflammatory potential of diets can be quantified by the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII). The DII was derived from an analysis of 45 dietary constituents that either increase or decrease inflammation. Several recent clinical studies have noted a significant relationship between DII score and many inflammation-associated chronic diseases, such as obesity, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders, and diabetes, and the incidence of various human cancers, i.e., prostate, ovarian, breast, colorectal cancer, and HNC. However, few studies have investigated the relationship between DII and HNSCC, with most being limited to observational, case-control, and cross-sectional studies. Therefore, the aim of this narrative review is to present the substantial oncological aspects of DII, discuss the use of DII and its modification, the Energy-Adjusted Dietary Inflammatory Index (E-DII), as indicators of HNSCC risk. It also introduces key diet-induced pro- and anti-inflammatory mechanisms and the cellular molecular signalling pathways determining the carcinogenesis of HNSCC. It provides a comprehensive overview of the current literature, including key opinion-forming systematic reviews, as well as molecular, observational, cross-sectional and case-control studies, all of which are accessible via scholarly databases such as PubMed\/EMBASE\/Web of Science. Thus, the work serves as a compendium of up-to-date knowledge on the relationship between DII\/ED-II score and HNSCC etiopathogenesis and the influence of a diet-induced persistent inflammatory microenvironment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18152421","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T05:49:27Z","timestamp":1785131367000},"page":"2421","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association Between the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) and Head and Neck Cancer Incidence\u2014A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8671-2222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Starska-Kowarska","family":"Katarzyna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, \u017beligowskiego 7\/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, EnelMed Center Expert, Drewnowska 58, 91-001 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001523","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2020-001523","article-title":"Landscape of natural killer cell activity in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"8","author":"Charap","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"El-Naggar, A.K., Chan, C.J., Grandis, J.R., Takata, T., and Slootweg, P.J. (2017). WHO Classification of Head and Neck Tumours, IARC. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjorl.2019.01.002","article-title":"Prevention of upper aerodigestive tract cancer through active search strategies and use of equipped propaedeutics","volume":"86","author":"Santos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Braz. J. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"229","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The Cancer Genome Atlas Network (2015). Comprehensive genomic characterization of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Nature, 517, 576\u2013582.","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14129"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"209","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1038\/s41415-022-5166-x","article-title":"Reviewing the epidemiology of head and neck cancer: Definitions, trends and risk factors","volume":"233","author":"Gormley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-023-00418-5","article-title":"Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"9","author":"Johnson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1002\/lio2.702","article-title":"Head and neck cancer survivorship consensus statement from the American Head and Neck Society","volume":"7","author":"Goyal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Laryngoscope Investig. Otolaryn."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"National Comprehensive Cancer Network (2020). Head and Neck Cancer, National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Available online: https:\/\/www.nccn.org\/guidelines\/guidelines-details."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (2019). List of Classifications by Cancer Sites with Sufficient or Limited Evidence in Humans. IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans, International Agency for Research on Cancer. Available online: https:\/\/monographs.iarc.who.int\/agents-classified-by-the-iarc\/."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2506","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.27807","article-title":"Long-term Survival in Head and Neck Cancer: Impact of Site, Stage, Smoking, and Human Papillomavirus Status","volume":"129","author":"Du","year":"2019","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s10989-021-10334-5","article-title":"Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Risk Factors, Molecular Alterations, Immunology and Peptide Vaccines","volume":"28","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Pept. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miranda-Galvis, M., Loveless, R., Kowalski, L.P., and Teng, Y. (2021). Impacts of Environmental Factors on Head and Neck Cancer Pathogenesis and Progression. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10020389"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1097\/CCO.0000000000000536","article-title":"Molecular genetics of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"31","author":"Peyrade","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4735","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-16-0323","article-title":"Subtypes of HPV-Positive Head and Neck Cancers Are Associated with HPV Characteristics, Copy Number Alterations, PIK3CA Mutation, and Pathway Signatures","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9060","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-53390-3","article-title":"Hallmarks of a genomically distinct subclass of head and neck cancer","volume":"15","author":"Muijlwijk","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barsouk, A., Aluru, J.S., Rawla, P., Saginala, K., and Barsouk, A. (2023). Epidemiology, risk factors, and prevention of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Med. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci11020042"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2011.05.004","article-title":"Population attributable risk of tobacco and alcohol for upper aerodigestive tract cancer","volume":"47","author":"Anantharaman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Oral Oncol."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (2012). Personal Habits and Indoor Combustions, International Agency for Research on Cancer. Available online: https:\/\/publications.iarc.fr\/Book-And-Report-Series\/Iarc-Monographs-On-The-Identification-Of-Carcinogenic-Hazards-To-Humans."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, R., Peng, M., Zhang, J., Qiu, K., Zeng, T., and Chen, L. (2024). The ALDH2 gene rs671 polymorphism is associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in East Asian population: An updated meta-analysis. Front. Endocrinol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1333595"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1093\/jjco\/hyg026","article-title":"Genetic polymorphisms of alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases and risk for oesophageal and head and neck cancers","volume":"33","author":"Yokoyama","year":"2003","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-018-0057-9","article-title":"The molecular landscape of head and neck cancer","volume":"18","author":"Leemans","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1007\/s12250-021-00413-8","article-title":"Current Status of Human Papillomavirus-Related Head and Neck Cancer: From Viral Genome to Patient Care","volume":"36","author":"Dong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-017-0541-1","article-title":"HrHPV E5 oncoprotein: Immune evasion and related immunotherapies","volume":"36","author":"Barros","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pal, A., and Kundu, R. (2020). Human Papillomavirus E6 and E7: The Cervical Cancer Hallmarks and Targets for Therapy. Front. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.03116"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Canning, M., Guo, G., Yu, M., Myint, C., Groves, M.W., Byrd, J.K., and Cui, Y. (2019). Heterogeneity of the Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Immune Landscape and Its Impact on Immunotherapy. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2019.00052"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-13-3310","article-title":"Integrative and Comparative Genomic Analysis of HPV-Positive and HPV-Negative Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas","volume":"21","author":"Seiwert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2021.101316","article-title":"Diet quality and a traditional dietary pattern predict lean mass in Australian women: Longitudinal data from the Geelong Osteoporosis Study","volume":"21","author":"Davis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prev. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.2176","article-title":"Association Between Healthy Eating Patterns and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"180","author":"Shan","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12926","article-title":"Better-quality diet is associated with lower odds of severe periodontitis in US Hispanics\/Latinos","volume":"45","author":"Salazar","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodont."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2014.329","article-title":"The role of a Mediterranean diet on the risk of oral and pharyngeal cancer","volume":"111","author":"Filomeno","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brit. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.32769","article-title":"Dietary patterns and oral and pharyngeal cancer using latent class analysis","volume":"147","author":"Dalmartello","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"193","article-title":"The association between diet quality and cancer incidence of the head and neck","volume":"31","author":"Saraiya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.073163","article-title":"Index-based dietary patterns and risk of head and neck cancer in a large prospective study","volume":"99","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmy071","article-title":"Perspective: The Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII)-Lessons Learned, Improvements Made, and Future Directions","volume":"10","author":"Shivappa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980013002115","article-title":"Designing and developing a literature-derived, population-based dietary inflammatory index","volume":"17","author":"Shivappa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.07.031","article-title":"A proinflammatory diet is associated with inflammatory gene expression among healthy, non-obese adults: Can social ties protect against the risks?","volume":"82","author":"Padin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114517000034","article-title":"Long-term associations between inflammatory dietary scores in relation to long-term C-reactive protein status measured 12 years later: Findings from the Suppl\u00e9mentation en Vitamines et Min\u00e9raux Antioxydants (SU.VI.MAX) cohort","volume":"117","author":"Julia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmab037","article-title":"The Dietary Inflammatory Index and Human Health: An Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses of Observational Studies","volume":"12","author":"Marx","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6367","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-06455-x","article-title":"Inflammatory potential of diet and risk of cardiovascular disease or mortality: A meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Zhong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13349","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13349","article-title":"The dietary inflammatory index, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular risk factors and diseases","volume":"23","author":"Hariharan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1822","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0675-0","article-title":"Chronic inflammation in the etiology of disease across the life span","volume":"25","author":"Furman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13039","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.202985","article-title":"Strong association between the dietary inflammatory index (DII) and breast cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-021-01039-5","article-title":"Dietary inflammatory index and breast cancer risk: An updated meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"76","author":"Hayati","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Syed Soffian, S.S., Mohammed Nawi, A., Hod, R., Ja\u2019afar, M.H., Isa, Z.M., Chan, H.K., and Hassan, M.R.A. (2022). Meta-Analysis of the Association between Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) and Colorectal Cancer. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14081555"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23539","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000023539","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the relationship between Dietary Inflammatory Index and oesophageal cancer risk","volume":"99","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2019.1679197","article-title":"Positive association between dietary inflammatory index and gastric cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"72","author":"Liang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2021.1931366","article-title":"Dietary Inflammatory Index and Ovarian Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"74","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6427","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980021001579","article-title":"Dietary inflammatory index and pancreatic cancer risk: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-019-0500-3","article-title":"Dietary inflammatory index and the risk of prostate cancer: A dose-response meta-analysis","volume":"74","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, D.L., Ren, Z.J., Zhang, Q., Ren, P.W., Yang, B., Liu, L.R., and Dong, Q. (2018). Meta-analysis of the association between the inflammatory potential of diet and urologic cancer risk. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204845"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19879","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000019879","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the association between dietary inflammatory index (DII) and upper aerodigestive tract cancer risk","volume":"99","author":"Hua","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2020.104587","article-title":"Association between dietary inflammatory index and upper aerodigestive tract cancer risk: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis","volume":"103","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oral Oncol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24028","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.25288","article-title":"Dietary inflammatory index and risk of upper aerodigestive tract cancer in Japanese adults","volume":"9","author":"Abe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114517001131","article-title":"Dietary inflammatory index and risk of reflux oesophagitis, Barrett\u2019s ooesophagus and oesophageal adenocarcinoma: A population-based case-control study","volume":"117","author":"Shivappa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brit. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00624","DOI":"10.34172\/jrhs.2024.159","article-title":"Dietary Inflammatory Index and Head and Neck Cancer: A Multicenter Case-Control Study in Iran","volume":"24","author":"Narmcheshm","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Res. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S8","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114512001444","article-title":"Recommended dietary reference intakes, nutritional goals and dietary guidelines for fat and fatty acids: A systematic review","volume":"107","author":"Aranceta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2024.102650","article-title":"Dietary patterns and risk of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"93","author":"Shrivastava","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2365","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.109.114025","article-title":"A new dietary inflammatory index predicts interval changes in serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein","volume":"139","author":"Cavicchia","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xagr.2023.100214","article-title":"Energy-Adjusted Dietary Inflammatory Index in pregnancy and maternal cardiometabolic health: Findings from the ROLO study","volume":"3","author":"Gainfort","year":"2023","journal-title":"AJOG Glob. Rep."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.11.052","article-title":"A J-shaped association between Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) and depression: A cross-sectional study from NHANES 2007\u20132018","volume":"323","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"402","article-title":"Assessing the (anti)-inflammatory potential of diets","volume":"24","author":"Bahr","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grosso, G., Laudisio, D., Frias-Toral, E., Barrea, L., Muscogiuri, G., Savastano, S., and Colao, A. (2022). Anti-Inflammatory Nutrients and Obesity-Associated Metabolic-Inflammation: State of the Art and Future Direction. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14061137"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy082","article-title":"Effects of Fruit and Vegetable Consumption on Inflammatory Biomarkers and Immune Cell Populations: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"108","author":"Hosseini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, W., Li, J., Chen, X., Yu, M., Pan, Q., and Guo, L. (2020). Whole Grain Food Diet Slightly Reduces Cardiovascular Risks in Obese\/Overweight Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. BMC Cardiovasc. Disord., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-020-01337-z"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmab086","article-title":"Effects of Dietary Patterns on Biomarkers of Inflammation and Immune Responses: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"13","author":"Koelman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2022.12.005","article-title":"Increased Adherence to a Mediterranean Diet Is Associated with Reduced Low-Grade Inflammation after a 12.7-Year Period: Results from the Moli-Sani Study","volume":"123","author":"Bonaccio","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980017000234","article-title":"The UN Decade of Nutrition, the NOVA Food Classification and the Trouble with Ultra-Processing","volume":"21","author":"Monteiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-022-00490-0","article-title":"The Role of Nutrition on Meta-Inflammation: Insights and Potential Targets in Communicable and Chronic Disease Management","volume":"11","author":"Martinez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Obes. Rep."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.09.020","article-title":"Western Diet and the Immune System: An Inflammatory Connection","volume":"51","author":"Christ","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2016.11.006","article-title":"Consumption of Ultra-Processed Foods Predicts Diet Quality in Canada","volume":"108","author":"Moubarac","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rauber, F., Da Costa Louzada, M.L., Steele, E., Millett, C., Monteiro, C.A., and Levy, R.B. (2018). Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases-Related Dietary Nutrient Profile in the UK (2008\u20132014). Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10050587"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borsani, B., De Santis, R., Perico, V., Penagini, F., Pendezza, E., Dilillo, D., Bosetti, A., Zuccotti, G.V., and D\u2019Auria, E. (2021). The Role of Carrageenan in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and Allergic Reactions: Where Do We Stand?. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103402"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.105057","article-title":"Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and Exposure to Phthalates and Bisphenols in the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2013\u20132014","volume":"131","author":"Buckley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martini, D., Godos, J., Bonaccio, M., Vitaglione, P., and Grosso, G. (2021). Ultra-Processed Foods and Nutritional Dietary Profile: A Meta-Analysis of Nationally Representative Samples. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103390"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sukmana, B.I., Saleh, R.O., Najim, M.A., Al-Ghamdi, H.S., Achmad, H., Al-Hamdani, M.M., Taher, A.A., Alsalamy, A., Khaledi, M., and Javadi, K. (2024). Oral microbiota and oral squamous cell carcinoma: A review of their relation and carcinogenic mechanisms. Front. Oncol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1319777"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiscuzzu, F., Crescio, C., Varrucciu, S., Rizzo, D., Sali, M., Delogu, G., and Bussu, F. (2025). Current Evidence on the Relation Between Microbiota and Oral Cancer-The Role of Fusobacterium nucleatum\u2014A Narrative Review. Cancers, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17020171"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Liu, Y., Zheng, H.J., and Zhang, C.P. (2020). The Oral Microbiota May Have Influence on Oral Cancer. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00476"},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"3045","article-title":"Association of oral dysbiosis with oral cancer development","volume":"19","author":"Gattuso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Urzic\u0103, R.-N., Cre\u021bu, B., C\u0103runtu, A., Bucurica, S., Farcasiu, A.-T., Ciupescu, L.M., Scheau, C., and C\u0103runtu, C. (2025). The Molecular Interplay Between Oral Microbiome and Oral Cancer Pathogenesis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262010212"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.4081\/oncol.2020.476","article-title":"Oral microbiota and oral cancer: Review","volume":"14","author":"Kakabadze","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oncol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1159\/000510979","article-title":"Oral Microbiota and Cancer Development","volume":"88","author":"Tuominen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathobiology"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-025-01998-2","article-title":"Exploring the role of oral bacteria in oral cancer: A narrative review","volume":"16","author":"Mivehchi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov. Onc."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saikia, P.J., Pathak, L., Mitra, S., and Das, B. (2023). The emerging role of oral microbiota in oral cancer initiation, progression and stemness. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1198269"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Glavina, A., Marti\u0107, D., Perko, M.A., Me\u0161in Deli\u0107, D., Tadin, A., Le\u0161i\u0107, S., and \u0160upe-Domi\u0107, D. (2026). The Oral Microbiome and Systemic Health: Current Insights into the Mouth-Body Connection. Life, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/life16020294"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2206","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxz165","article-title":"Development and validation of novel dietary and lifestyle inflammation scores","volume":"149","author":"Byrd","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"100017","article-title":"The relationship between inflammatory dietary pattern in childhood and depression in early adulthood","volume":"2","author":"Cong","year":"2020","journal-title":"BBI-Health"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.115.228718","article-title":"Development and validation of an empirical dietary inflammatory index","volume":"146","author":"Tabung","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2023.08.002","article-title":"Energy-adjusted Dietary Inflammatory Index and diabetes risk in postmenopausal Hispanic women","volume":"124","author":"Zuercher","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2017.7330","article-title":"Questionnaire-based anti-inflammatory diet index as a predictor of low-grade systemic inflammation","volume":"28","author":"Kaluza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.4162\/nrp.2019.13.2.150","article-title":"Development of a food-based index of dietary inflammatory potential for Koreans and its relationship with metabolic syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Na","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Prac."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328961","DOI":"10.1080\/16546628.2017.1328961","article-title":"Association of diet quality with dietary inflammatory potential in youth","volume":"61","author":"Bawaked","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-018-1381-2","article-title":"Chronic diseases, inflammation, and spices: How are they linked?","volume":"16","author":"Kunnumakkara","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Y., Zhang, L., Zeng, M., Liu, F., Sun, L., Liu, Y., and Xiao, L. (2022). Energy-adjusted dietary inflammatory index is associated with 5-year all cause and cardiovascular mortality among chronic kidney disease patients. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.899004"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5452488","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/5452488","article-title":"The Association between Energy-Adjusted Dietary Inflammatory Index, Body Composition, and Anthropometric Indices in COVID-19-Infected Patients: A Case-Control Study in Shiraz, Iran","volume":"2022","author":"Firoozi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1097\/CEJ.0000000000000431","article-title":"Fish\/shellfish intake and the risk of head and neck cancer","volume":"28","author":"McClain","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.31555","article-title":"Proinflammatory diet is associated with increased risk of squamous cell head and neck cancer","volume":"143","author":"Mazul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"1361","article-title":"The inflammatory potential of Argentinian diet and oral squamous cell carcinoma. Potencial inflamatorio de la dieta argentina y carcinoma oral de c\u00e9lulas escamosas","volume":"36","author":"Secchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutr. Hosp."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malesza, I.J., Malesza, M., Walkowiak, J., Mussin, N., Walkowiak, D., Aringazina, R., Bartkowiak-Wieczorek, J., and M\u0105dry, E. (2021). High-Fat, Western-Style Diet, Systemic Inflammation, and Gut Microbiota: A Narrative Review. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10113164"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clemente-Su\u00e1rez, V.J., Beltr\u00e1n-Velasco, A.I., Redondo-Fl\u00f3rez, L., Mart\u00edn-Rodr\u00edguez, A., and Tornero-Aguilera, J.F. (2023). Global Impacts of Western Diet and Its Effects on Metabolism and Health: A Narrative Review. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15122749"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Molinero, J., Miguel\u00e1\u00f1ez-Medr\u00e1n, B.D.C., Puente-Guti\u00e9rrez, C., Delgado-Somolinos, E., Mart\u00edn Carreras-Presas, C., Fern\u00e1ndez-Farhall, J., and L\u00f3pez-S\u00e1nchez, A.F. (2021). Association between Oral Cancer and Diet: An Update. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13041299"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-016-0273-7","article-title":"Global DNA methylation patterns in Barrett\u2019s oesophagus, dysplastic Barrett\u2019s, and oesophageal adenocarcinoma are associated with BMI, sex, and tobacco use","volume":"8","author":"Kaz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Epigenet."},{"key":"ref_104","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2020). Obesity and Overweight, World Health Organization. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/obesity-and-overweight."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ltac015","DOI":"10.1093\/immadv\/ltac015","article-title":"Obesity and adipose tissue impact on T-cell response and cancer immune checkpoint blockade therapy","volume":"2","author":"Machado","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunother. Adv."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60269-X","article-title":"Body-mass index and incidence of cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies","volume":"371","author":"Renehan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.5223\/pghn.2013.16.3.143","article-title":"Obesity, inflammation and diet","volume":"16","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.3109\/10715762.2013.772604","article-title":"Oxidative stress associated to dysfunctional adipose tissue: A potential link between obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and breast cancer","volume":"47","author":"Crujeiras","year":"2013","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gerriets, V.A., and MacIver, N.J. (2014). Role of T cells in malnutrition and obesity. Front. Immunol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00379"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000631","DOI":"10.20945\/2359-3997000000631","article-title":"Dietary inflammatory index and its relation to the pathophysiological aspects of obesity: A narrative review","volume":"67","author":"Kravchychyn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-031210-101322","article-title":"Inflammatory mechanisms in obesity","volume":"29","author":"Gregor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12997","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.12997","article-title":"Adipokine dysregulation and adipose tissue inflammation in human obesity","volume":"48","author":"Unamuno","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mandal, M., Mamun, M.A.A., Rakib, A., and Singh, U.P. (2025). High-fat diet-induced adipose tissue-resident macrophages, T cells, and dendritic cells modulate chronic inflammation and adipogenesis during obesity. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1524544"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-021-03872-9","article-title":"Adipocyte death triggers a pro-inflammatory response and induces metabolic activation of resident macrophages","volume":"12","author":"Lindhorst","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2052","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2014.0557","article-title":"Delivery of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Attenuates Adipose Tissue Inflammation and Insulin Resistance in Obese Mice Through Remodeling Macrophage Phenotypes","volume":"24","author":"Shang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-63657-8_9","article-title":"Message Transmission Between Adipocyte and Macrophage in Obesity","volume":"1460","author":"Engin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, R., and Nikolajczyk, B.S. (2019). Tissue Immune Cells Fuel Obesity-Associated Inflammation in Adipose Tissue and Beyond. Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01587"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.20517\/jca.2023.38","article-title":"Adipose tissue lymphocytes and obesity","volume":"4","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Aging"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2015.06.007","article-title":"Interaction between human mature adipocytes and lymphocytes induces T-cell proliferation","volume":"17","author":"Poloni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1836","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1000021","article-title":"Obesity increases the production of proinflammatory mediators from adipose tissue T cells and compromises TCR repertoire diversity: Implications for systemic inflammation and insulin resistance","volume":"185","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Zhang, B., and Sun, X. (2024). The molecular mechanism of macrophage-adipocyte crosstalk in maintaining energy homeostasis. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1378202"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s13340-023-00624-2","article-title":"Heterogeneity of adipose tissue-resident macrophages-beyond M1\/M2 paradigm","volume":"14","author":"Nawaz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetol. Int."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2024.09.009","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps promote M1 macrophage polarization in gouty inflammation via targeting hexokinase-2","volume":"224","author":"Tan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1080\/10715762.2025.2519528","article-title":"Pro-inflammatory properties of M1 phenotypes of human macrophages: Prolongation of myeloperoxidase-mediated oxidative stress","volume":"59","author":"Yurkanova","year":"2025","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2627","article-title":"The cellular and signaling networks linking the immune system and metabolism in disease","volume":"18","author":"Osborn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-013-1486-y","article-title":"B Lymphocytes in obesity-related adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance","volume":"71","author":"Winer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12269","article-title":"Adipose invariant natural killer T cells","volume":"142","author":"Lynch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alhamawi, R.M., Almutawif, Y.A., Aloufi, B.H., Alotaibi, J.F., Alharbi, M.F., Alsrani, N.M., Alinizy, R.M., Almutairi, W.S., Alaswad, W.A., and Eid, H.M.A. (2024). Free sugar intake is associated with reduced proportion of circulating invariant natural killer T cells among women experiencing overweight and obesity. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1358341"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-018-0034-2","article-title":"Tissue-specific functions of invariant natural killer T cells","volume":"18","author":"Crosby","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orcp.2024.12.006","article-title":"High percentage of immune Th1 and Tc1 cells infiltrating visceral adipose tissue in people with obesity","volume":"18","author":"Barbosa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Obes. Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1080\/21623945.2021.1965314","article-title":"The roles of T cells in obese adipose tissue inflammation","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adipocyte"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13","DOI":"10.4110\/in.2022.22.e13","article-title":"The Role of T Cells in Obesity-Associated Inflammation and Metabolic Disease","volume":"22","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immune Netw."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3757","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5093757","article-title":"Activation and regulation of the pattern recognition receptors in obesity-induced adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance","volume":"5","author":"Watanabe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000251608.09329.9a","article-title":"Role of the Toll-like receptor 4\/NF-kappaB pathway in saturated fatty acid-induced inflammatory changes in the interaction between adipocytes and macrophages","volume":"27","author":"Suganami","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367838","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/367838","article-title":"Functional food targeting the regulation of obesity-induced inflammatory responses and pathologies","volume":"2010","author":"Hirai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114511005460","article-title":"Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity","volume":"106","author":"Calder","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brit. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvx108","article-title":"The role of infiltrating immune cells in dysfunctional adipose tissue","volume":"113","author":"Guzik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s40348-023-00170-6","article-title":"Relevance and consequence of chronic inflammation for obesity development","volume":"10","author":"Ruck","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-024-02278-8","article-title":"Free radicals and their impact on health and antioxidant defenses: A review","volume":"11","author":"Chandimali","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s43556-023-00151-1","article-title":"JAK-STAT signaling in inflammation and stress-related diseases: Implications for therapeutic interventions","volume":"4","author":"Sarapultsev","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1007\/s44337-025-00303-y","article-title":"Oxidative stress and free radicals in disease pathogenesis: A review","volume":"2","author":"Pooja","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov. Med."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01468-7","article-title":"Evolving cognition of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway: Autoimmune disorders and cancer","volume":"8","author":"Xue","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sig. Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.2147\/ITT.S485670","article-title":"JAK-STAT Signaling in Autoimmunity and Cancer","volume":"14","author":"Parveen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immunotargets Ther."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgab075","article-title":"JAK\/STAT of all trades: Linking inflammation with cancer development, tumour progression and therapy resistance","volume":"42","author":"Sabaawy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1515\/oncologie-2024-0157","article-title":"Oxidative stress-mediated epigenetic remodeling, metastatic progression and cell signaling in cancer","volume":"26","author":"Phull","year":"2024","journal-title":"Oncologie"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-020-00183-3","article-title":"Regulation of senescence traits by MAPKs","volume":"42","author":"Anerillas","year":"2022","journal-title":"GeroSci"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.20892\/j.issn.2095-3941.2017.0029","article-title":"Aberrant control of NF-\u03baB in cancer permits transcriptional and phenotypic plasticity, to curtail dependence on host tissue: Molecular mode","volume":"14","author":"Vlahopoulos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2012.12.013","article-title":"Modulation of adipose tissue inflammation by bioactive food compounds","volume":"24","author":"Siriwardhana","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11132","article-title":"PPAR-\u03b3 is a major driver of the accumulation and phenotype of adipose tissue Treg cells","volume":"486","author":"Cipolletta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114524001405","article-title":"Overview of anti-inflammatory diets and their promising effects on non-communicable diseases","volume":"132","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brit. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Telle-Hansen, V.H., Holven, K.B., and Ulven, S.M. (2018). Impact of a Healthy Dietary Pattern on Gut Microbiota and Systemic Inflammation in Humans. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10111783"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stumpf, F., Keller, B., Gressies, C., and Schuetz, P. (2023). Inflammation and Nutrition: Friend or Foe?. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15051159"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsigalou, C., Konstantinidis, T., Paraschaki, A., Stavropoulou, E., Voidarou, C., and Bezirtzoglou, E. (2020). Mediterranean Diet as a Tool to Combat Inflammation and Chronic Diseases. An Overview. Biomedicines, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines8070201"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2012.04374.x","article-title":"Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory processes: Nutrition or pharmacology?","volume":"75","author":"Calder","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, L., Gao, J., Yu, L., Liu, S., Zhao, Y., Zhang, W., Liang, Y., and Wang, H. (2024). Polarized Th2 cells attenuate high-fat-diet induced obesity through the suppression of lipogenesis. BMC Immunol., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12865-024-00598-z"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607108325252","article-title":"Effect of dietary fatty acid composition on Th1\/Th2 polarization in lymphocytes","volume":"33","author":"Mizota","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Parenter. Enteral. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, J., Taitz, J., Sun, S.M., Langford, L., Ni, D., and Macia, L. (2022). Your Regulatory T Cells Are What You Eat: How Diet and Gut Microbiota Affect Regulatory T Cell Development. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.878382"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.2119\/molmed.2011.00311","article-title":"Influence of dietary components on regulatory T cells","volume":"18","author":"Teimer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varaeva, Y.R., Kirichenko, T.V., Shaposhnikova, N.N., Nikityuk, D.B., and Starodubova, A.V. (2022). The Role of Diet in Regulation of Macrophages Functioning. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10092087"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caprara, G., Allavena, P., and Erreni, M. (2020). Intestinal Macrophages at the Crossroad between Diet, Inflammation, and Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21144825"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12444","article-title":"The effects of diet-induced obesity on B cell function","volume":"179","author":"Shaikh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petta, I., Fraussen, J., Somers, V., and Kleinewietfeld, M. (2018). Interrelation of Diet, Gut Microbiome, and Autoantibody Production. Front. Immunol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00439"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suzuki, T., Ohishi, T., Tanabe, H., Miyoshi, N., and Nakamura, Y. (2023). Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Dietary Polyphenols through Inhibitory Activity against Metalloproteinases. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28145426"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Latronico, T., Petraglia, T., Sileo, C., Bilancia, D., Rossano, R., and Liuzzi, G.M. (2024). Inhibition of MMP-2 and MMP-9 by Dietary Antioxidants in THP-1 Macrophages and Sera from Patients with Breast Cancer. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29081718"},{"key":"ref_165","first-page":"9","article-title":"Can an anti-inflammatory diet be effective in preventing or treating viral respiratory diseases? A systematic narrative review","volume":"43","author":"Vahid","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.2217\/epi.11.71","article-title":"Epigenetic diet: Impact on the epigenome and cancer","volume":"3","author":"Hardy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epigenomics"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2009.10.002","article-title":"Resveratrol in the chemoprevention and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"36","author":"Bishayee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Rev."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12957","article-title":"Serum copper and zinc levels and the risk of oral cancer: A new insight based on large-scale case-control study","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ansary, J., Forbes-Hern\u00e1ndez, T.Y., Gil, E., Cianciosi, D., Zhang, J., Elexpuru-Zabaleta, M., Simal-Gandara, J., Giampieri, F., and Battino, M. (2020). Potential Health Benefit of Garlic Based on Human Intervention Studies: A Brief Overview. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9070619"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.2010.00991.x","article-title":"Lycopene: Features and potential significance in the oral cancer and precancerous lesions","volume":"40","author":"Lu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Oral Pathol."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2022.02.015","article-title":"ESPEN micronutrient guideline","volume":"41","author":"Berger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2018.12.006","article-title":"The effects of omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin E co-supplementation on gene expression related to inflammation, insulin and lipid in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"176","author":"Tamtaji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2016.09.008","article-title":"The effects of omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin E co-supplementation on gene expression of lipoprotein(a) and oxidized low-density lipoprotein, lipid profiles and biomarkers of oxidative stress in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"439","author":"Rahmani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_174","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Epidemiology of Selenium and Human Cancer","volume":"136","author":"Vinceti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2013.04.012","article-title":"Nutritional strategies to modulate inflammation and oxidative stress pathways via activation of the master antioxidant switch Nrf2","volume":"95","author":"Cardozo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.20945\/2359-3997000000255","article-title":"Nutritional genomics, inflammation and obesity","volume":"64","author":"Quintanilha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van der Heiden, J.F., and Te Velde, A.A. (2026). Balancing Nutrition and Inflammation: The Role of a Healthy Diet in NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation. Immuno, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/immuno6010013"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2015.10.004","article-title":"Regulation of Nlrp3 inflammasome by dietary metabolites","volume":"27","author":"Camell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sem. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e105071","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2020105071","article-title":"CARD8 inflammasome activation triggers pyroptosis in human T cells","volume":"39","author":"Linder","year":"2020","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e006781","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2023-006781","article-title":"Pyroptosis activates conventional type I dendritic cells to mediate the priming of highly functional anticancer T cells","volume":"12","author":"Inkol","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-025-02506-4","article-title":"Pyroptosis in cancer therapy: A double-edged sword for immune activation and tumour progression","volume":"24","author":"Alishvandi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ngo, V., and Duennwald, M.L. (2022). Nrf2 and Oxidative Stress: A General Overview of Mechanisms and Implications in Human Disease. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11122345"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kasai, S., Shimizu, S., Tatara, Y., Mimura, J., and Itoh, K. (2020). Regulation of Nrf2 by Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species in Physiology and Pathology. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10020320"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reis, M.G., Lopes, L.C., Sanches, A.B.A.M.A., Guimar\u00e3es, N.S., and Martins-Chaves, R.R. (2024). Diet and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Scoping Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21091199"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.8b00321","article-title":"Key Characteristics Approach to Carcinogenic Hazard Identification","volume":"31","author":"Guyton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2013.12.014","article-title":"Association of tea consumption and the risk of oral cancer: A meta-analysis","volume":"50","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oral Oncol."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2016.1252711","article-title":"Cucurmin, anticancer, & antitumour perspectives: A comprehensive review","volume":"58","author":"Imran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29044","article-title":"Folate intake and the risk of oral cavity and pharyngeal cancer: A pooled analysis within the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology Consortium","volume":"136","author":"Galeone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s42269-025-01382-8","article-title":"Role of polyphenols in modulating AGEs-RAGE axis in cancer, a review","volume":"50","author":"Raina","year":"2026","journal-title":"Bull. Natl. Res. Cent."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2009.01.008","article-title":"Polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory processes: New twists in an old tale","volume":"91","author":"Calder","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32757","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.585901","article-title":"Toll-like receptors as a target of food-derived anti-inflammatory compounds","volume":"289","author":"Shibata","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2015.12.001","article-title":"Reduced dietary intake of pro-inflammatory Toll-like receptor stimulants favourably modifies markers of cardiometabolic risk in healthy men","volume":"26","author":"Herieka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vph.2014.07.001","article-title":"Vascular effects of the Mediterranean diet\u2014Part II: Role of omega-3 fatty acids and olive oil polyphenols","volume":"63","author":"Scoditti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12251","article-title":"Genomics: A gut prediction","volume":"498","author":"Nieuwdorp","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2149","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v25.i18.2149","article-title":"Alteration of the oesophageal microbiota in Barrett\u2019s oesophagus and oesophageal adenocarcinoma","volume":"25","author":"Lv","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105314","article-title":"Microbiota and oesophageal cancer: From dysbiosis to carcinogenesis","volume":"222","author":"Rajabnia","year":"2026","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-019-0507-9","article-title":"Association between dietary inflammatory index and the risk of oral cancer in the southeast of China","volume":"74","author":"Bao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114518000405","article-title":"Dietary inflammatory index and risk of oesophageal cancer in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China","volume":"119","author":"Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.30711","article-title":"Inflammatory potential of diet and risk of oral and pharyngeal cancer in a large case-control study from Italy","volume":"141","author":"Shivappa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-015-0987-x","article-title":"Diet-related inflammation and oesophageal cancer by histological type: A nationwide case\u2013control study in Sweden","volume":"55","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2016.1216137","article-title":"Increased Risk of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma with Increasing Levels of Diet-Associated Inflammation in an Italian Case-Control Study","volume":"68","author":"Shivappa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_203","first-page":"1027","article-title":"Inflammatory potential of diet and risk of laryngeal cancer in a case-control study from Italy","volume":"27","author":"Shivappa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Case Cancer Contr."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2015.1082108","article-title":"Dietary Inflammatory Index and Risk of Oesophageal Squamous Cell Cancer in a Case-Control Study from Iran","volume":"67","author":"Shivappa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_205","first-page":"1439","article-title":"Dietary inflammatory index and risk of oesophageal squamous cell cancer in a case-control study from Italy","volume":"26","author":"Shivappa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Case Cancer Contr."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, Z., Zhu, X., Hu, Y., Yan, S., and Chen, L. (2022). Association between dietary inflammatory index and oral cancer risk: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Front. Oncol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.920452"},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmy015","article-title":"Dietary Inflammatory Index and Site-Specific Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis","volume":"9","author":"Jayedi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.1126","article-title":"Association between fruit and vegetable consumption and oral cancer: A meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"83","author":"Pavia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2009.01.007","article-title":"Dietary patterns and risk of oral cancer: A factor analysis study of a population in Jakarta, Indonesia","volume":"45","author":"Amtha","year":"2009","journal-title":"Oral Oncol."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.2012.00704.x","article-title":"Dietary pattern and oral cancer risk\u2014A factor analysis study","volume":"40","author":"Razak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.2174\/157019311797440317","article-title":"The role of oxidative stress in smoking-related diseases","volume":"8","author":"Fearon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mini Rev. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2007.05.005","article-title":"Alcohol-induced oxidative stress","volume":"81","author":"Das","year":"2007","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2021.108365","article-title":"Relationships among smoking, oxidative stress, inflammation, macromolecular damage, and cancer","volume":"787","author":"Caliri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Rev. Mutat. Res."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.03.011","article-title":"The landscape ecology and microbiota of the human nose, mouth, and throat","volume":"21","author":"Proctor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2015.11.013","article-title":"Oral Microbiome, Periodontitis and Risk of Head and Neck Cancer","volume":"53","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oral Oncol."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110S","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034515576052","article-title":"Oral Lactobacilli and Dental Caries: A Model for Niche Adaptation in Humans","volume":"94","author":"Caufield","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2023.106573","article-title":"New insights into redox-related risk factors and therapeutic targets in oral squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"147","author":"Dewenter","year":"2023","journal-title":"Oral Oncol."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-026-02583-x","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cancer: From mechanism to therapeutic implications","volume":"11","author":"Akter","year":"2026","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target Ther."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ionescu, C., Kamal, F.Z., Ciobica, A., Halitchi, G., Burlui, V., and Petroaie, A.D. (2024). Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis of Oral Cancer. Biomedicines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12061150"},{"key":"ref_220","first-page":"e530","article-title":"DNA oxidative damage in oral cancer: 8-hydroxy-2\u00b4-deoxyguanosine immunoexpression assessment","volume":"28","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. Oral Patol. Oral Cir. Bucal."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2499","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-023-03562-9","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species, toxicity, oxidative stress, and antioxidants: Chronic diseases and aging","volume":"97","author":"Jomova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1482.151935","article-title":"Oxidative stress marker in oral cancer: A review","volume":"12","author":"Katakwar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.21037\/tcr-19-1985","article-title":"Current research progress in the role of reactive oxygen species in esophageal adenocarcinoma","volume":"10","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trans. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_224","unstructured":"Chakraborti, S. (2022). Reactive Oxygen Species in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Progression and Importance of Stem Cells in Cancer Therapeutics. Handbook of Oxidative Stress in Cancer: Therapeutic Aspects, Springer."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4962","DOI":"10.6026\/973206300214962","article-title":"Comparative levels of salivary oxidative stress markers in oral precancer and oral cancer patients","volume":"21","author":"Kerketta","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioinformation"},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2018.12.003","article-title":"The microbiome and oral cancer: More questions than answers","volume":"89","author":"Healy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oral Oncol."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3757","DOI":"10.1007\/s12070-023-04076-7","article-title":"Oxidative Stress Enzyme as Markers in Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients","volume":"75","author":"Shamsi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian J. Otolaryngol. Head. Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Starska-Kowarska, K. (2025). Salivaomic Biomarkers-An Innovative Approach to the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis of Oral Cancer. Biology, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology14070852"},{"key":"ref_229","first-page":"245","article-title":"American Cancer Society guideline for diet and physical activity for cancer prevention","volume":"70","author":"Rock","year":"2020","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_230","first-page":"30","article-title":"American Cancer Society 2010 Nutrition and Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee. American Cancer Society Guidelines on nutrition and physical activity for cancer prevention: Reducing the risk of cancer with healthy food choices and physical activity","volume":"62","author":"Kushi","year":"2012","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327914nc5102_2","article-title":"Dietary patterns and risk of cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx in Uruguay","volume":"51","author":"Boffetta","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2016.11.012","article-title":"Adherence to the World Cancer Research Fund\/American Institute for Cancer Research recommendations and head and neck cancers risk","volume":"64","author":"Bravi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oral Oncol."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1075.164889","article-title":"Nutritional Assessment of Patients with Head and Neck Cancer in North-East India and Dietary Intervention","volume":"21","author":"Bhattacharjee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J. Palliat. Care"},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.35226","article-title":"Associations of plasma omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids with overall and 19 site-specific cancers: A population-based cohort study in UK Biobank","volume":"156","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.24.00608","article-title":"High Omega-3, Low Omega-6 Diet with Fish Oil for Men With Prostate Cancer on Active Surveillance: The CAPFISH-3 Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"43","author":"Aronson","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdy114","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of the evidence for oral nutritional intervention on nutritional and clinical outcomes during chemo(radio)therapy: Current evidence and guidance for design of future trials","volume":"29","author":"Laviano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, M., Zhang, S., Ning, C., and Huo, Q. (2021). Omega-3 Fatty Acids Supplementation Improve Nutritional Status and Inflammatory Response in Patients With Lung Cancer: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Front. Nutr., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.686752"},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5062173","article-title":"Protection of Dietary Polyphenols against Oral Cancer","volume":"5","author":"Ding","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, Y., Li, Z., Chen, F., and Chai, Y. (2023). Polyphenols in Oral Health: Homeostasis Maintenance, Disease Prevention, and Therapeutic Applications. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15204384"},{"key":"ref_240","first-page":"100388","article-title":"Elucidating the potential of phytochemicals in targeting various signalling pathways of oral cancer: Current update on their clinical translational potential","volume":"9","author":"Geevarghese","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sigafoos, A.N., Paradise, B.D., and Fernandez-Zapico, M.E. (2021). Hedgehog\/GLI Signaling Pathway: Transduction, Regulation, and Implications for Disease. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13143410"},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2564","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5072564","article-title":"Chemopreventive potential of flavonoids in oral squamous cell carcinoma in human studies","volume":"5","author":"Iriti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skandarajah, A., Sunny, S.P., Gurpur, P., Reber, C.D., D\u2019Ambrosio, M.V., Raghavan, N., James, B.L., Ramanjinappa, R.D., Suresh, A., and Kandasarma, U. (2017). Mobile microscopy as a screening tool for oral cancer in India: A pilot study. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0188440"},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duda-Chodak, A., and Tarko, T. (2024). Possible Side Effects of Polyphenols and Their Interactions with Medicines. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28062536"},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.30886","article-title":"Dietary fiber intake and head and neck cancer risk: A pooled analysis in the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology consortium","volume":"141","author":"Kawakita","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maino Vieytes, C.A., Mondul, A.M., Li, Z., Zarins, K.R., Wolf, G.T., Rozek, L.S., and Arthur, A.E. (2019). Dietary Fiber, Whole Grains, and Head and Neck Cancer Prognosis: Findings from a Prospective Cohort Study. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11102304"},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-019-0264-3","article-title":"Carbohydrate Nutrition and the Risk of Cancer","volume":"8","author":"Taha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Nutr. Rep."},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.identj.2026.109558","article-title":"Nutritional Determinants of Oral Cancer: A Global Population Attributable Fraction Analysis Across 185 Countries (1990\u20132018)","volume":"76","author":"Tian","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2023.10.012","article-title":"High soluble fiber promotes coorectal tumorigenesis through modulating gut microbiota and metabolites in mice","volume":"166","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/15\/2421\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T05:58:57Z","timestamp":1785131937000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/15\/2421"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"references-count":249,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["nu18152421"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu18152421","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]}}}