{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T05:20:26Z","timestamp":1790659226754,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Purpose: Ultra-processed food (UPF) intake is a risk factor for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) development, and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a key regulator of hepatic lipid metabolism, but its role in this association remains unclear. We aimed to investigate whether FGF21 mediates the UPF-MASLD relationship in a population-based cohort and whether berry extract (BE) protects against UPF-related liver injury through FGF21 signaling. Methods: This study included 29,386 participants with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-derived proton density fat fraction (PDFF) and iron-corrected T1 (cT1) from the UK Biobank. UPF intake was classified according to the NOVA system. Log-binomial and generalized linear regression models were used to estimate the associations of UPF with MASLD, PDFF, and cT1, respectively. In vivo, nine-month-old male C57BL\/6J mice were fed a baked Western diet (BWD) with bilberry extract (BE, 200 mg\/kg\/day) or vehicle for 16 weeks. In vitro, the role of FGF21 was examined by knockdown experiments in AML12 hepatocytes. Results: UPF consumption was linearly associated with a higher risk of MASLD, with per 10% increment associated with 9% higher risk of MASLD (RR 1.09 [95% CI 1.07\u20131.10]), as well as dose-dependent increases in PDFF and cT1. Among the 283 plasma proteins associated with PDFF, FGF21 showed the strongest association with UPF intake and accounted for the largest proportion of mediation in the UPF-PDFF association. A significant interaction between UPF and berry intake was observed in MASLD risk (p for interaction = 0.018). In the animal model, BE supplementation for 16 weeks alleviated BWD-induced hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and glucose intolerance, while upregulating hepatic FGF21, FGFR1c, and \u03b2-Klotho expression and improving mitochondrial function. FGF21 knockdown abrogated BE\u2019s protective effect against lipid accumulation in vitro. Conclusions: FGF21 emerged as a potential mediator of the association between UPF consumption and liver fat accumulation. Anthocyanin-rich dietary interventions may offer a promising strategy to prevent MASLD progression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18152430","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T05:49:27Z","timestamp":1785131367000},"page":"2430","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["FGF21 as a Potential Mediator of Ultra-Processed Food-Associated Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease and the Protective Effect of Bilberry Extract"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Yanling","family":"Lv","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"},{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feiyang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"},{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaqi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"},{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zekun","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"},{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cunpeng","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"},{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guanhua","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"},{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shan","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"},{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7029-1224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liegang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"},{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5227-4236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liangkai","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"},{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000004","article-title":"The global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH): A systematic review","volume":"77","author":"Younossi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.04.015","article-title":"Mechanisms and disease consequences of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"184","author":"Loomba","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2024.02.007","article-title":"Current status and future trends of the global burden of MASLD","volume":"35","author":"Miao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL), European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD), and European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO) (2024). EASL-EASD-EASO Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). J. Hepatol., 81, 492\u2013542."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-023-00800-4","article-title":"Lifestyle interventions in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"20","author":"Younossi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab305","article-title":"Ultra-processed food consumption among US adults from 2001 to 2018","volume":"115","author":"Juul","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rauber, F., da Costa Louzada, M.L., Steele, E.M., Millett, C., Monteiro, C.A., and Levy, R.B. (2018). Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases-Related Dietary Nutrient Profile in the UK (2008\u20132014). Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10050587"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980018003762","article-title":"Ultra-processed foods: What they are and how to identify them","volume":"22","author":"Monteiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100964","article-title":"Ultra-processed food consumption and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance: A systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Grinshpan","year":"2024","journal-title":"JHEP Rep."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyab174","article-title":"Ultra-processed food consumption and the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in the Tianjin Chronic Low-grade Systemic Inflammation and Health Cohort Study","volume":"51","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.04.034","article-title":"Metabolomic and Proteomic Signatures of Ultra-processed Foods Are Positively Associated with Adverse Liver Outcomes","volume":"155","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2023.10.014","article-title":"Higher ultra-processed food intake is associated with adverse liver outcomes: A prospective cohort study of UK Biobank participants","volume":"119","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70099","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.70099","article-title":"Consumption of Ultra-Processed Food and Risk of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Prospective Analysis of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study","volume":"69","author":"Fu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-021-00354-2","article-title":"Metabolic Messengers: FGF21","volume":"3","author":"Flippo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1782","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02427-z","article-title":"The FGF21 analog pegozafermin in severe hypertriglyceridemia: A randomized phase 2 trial","volume":"29","author":"Bhatt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2304286","article-title":"Randomized, Controlled Trial of the FGF21 Analogue Pegozafermin in NASH","volume":"389","author":"Loomba","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/s43016-024-01059-x","article-title":"Proteomic signatures of healthy dietary patterns are associated with lower risks of major chronic diseases and mortality","volume":"6","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Food"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2024.115157","article-title":"European bilberry extract reduces high-temperature baked food-induced accumulation of N(\u03b5)-carboxymethyllysine and N(\u03b5)-carboxyethyllysine in vivo","volume":"197","author":"Mo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"115157","article-title":"Bilberry extract ameliorates high-AGEs diet induced AD-like pathological changes through the modulation of gut microbiota","volume":"197","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Sci. Hum. Wellness"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.157672","article-title":"European bilberry extract improved dietary advanced glycation end products-induced muscle damage","volume":"150","author":"Liao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.12.011","article-title":"Mirtoselect, an anthocyanin-rich bilberry extract, attenuates non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and associated fibrosis in ApoE(\u2217)3Leiden mice","volume":"62","author":"Morrison","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1021\/jf504926n","article-title":"Purified anthocyanins from bilberry and black currant attenuate hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction and steatohepatitis in mice with methionine and choline deficiency","volume":"63","author":"Tang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-021-00584-0","article-title":"Non-invasive methods for imaging hepatic steatosis and their clinical importance in NAFLD","volume":"18","author":"Tamaki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sudlow, C., Gallacher, J., Allen, N., Beral, V., Burton, P., Danesh, J., Downey, P., Elliott, P., Green, J., and Landray, M. (2015). UK biobank: An open access resource for identifying the causes of a wide range of complex diseases of middle and old age. PLoS Med., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001779"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1998","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980011000942","article-title":"Development and evaluation of the Oxford WebQ, a low-cost, web-based method for assessment of previous 24 h dietary intakes in large-scale prospective studies","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwz165","article-title":"Validation of the Oxford WebQ Online 24-Hour Dietary Questionnaire Using Biomarkers","volume":"188","author":"Greenwood","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Food Standards Agency (2002). Food Portion Sizes, The Stationery Office."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"l1451","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l1451","article-title":"Ultra-processed food intake and risk of cardiovascular disease: Prospective cohort study (NutriNet-Sant\u00e9)","volume":"365","author":"Srour","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Catalkaya, G., Karaca, A.C., and Capanoglu, E. (2025). Introduction. Berry Fruits: Bioactives, Health Effects and Processing, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-443-16011-0.00001-8"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.12.036","article-title":"Noninvasive Assessment of Liver Disease in Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"156","author":"Castera","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.09.002","article-title":"Multiparametric magnetic resonance for the non-invasive diagnosis of liver disease","volume":"60","author":"Banerjee","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilman, H.R., Kelly, M., Garratt, S., Matthews, P.M., Milanesi, M., Herlihy, A., Gyngell, M., Neubauer, S., Bell, J.D., and Banerjee, R. (2017). Characterisation of liver fat in the UK Biobank cohort. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0176867"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06592-6","article-title":"Plasma proteomic associations with genetics and health in the UK Biobank","volume":"622","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v059.i05","article-title":"mediation: R Package for Causal Mediation Analysis","volume":"59","author":"Tingley","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"56672","article-title":"Study of In Vivo Glucose Metabolism in High-fat Diet-fed Mice Using Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) and Insulin Tolerance Test (ITT)","volume":"131","author":"Nagy","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.04.034","article-title":"Defining severe NAFLD based on ICD codes in large cohorts: Balancing feasibility and limitations","volume":"79","author":"Long","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2139","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12840","article-title":"Clinical value of liver ultrasound for the diagnosis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in overweight and obese patients","volume":"35","author":"Bril","year":"2015","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-024-00831-x","article-title":"Fruit and vegetable intake modifies the association between ultra-processed food and metabolic syndrome","volume":"21","author":"Malmir","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ksi\u0105\u017cek, E., Goluch, Z., and Bochniak, M. (2024). Vaccinium spp. Berries in the Prevention and Treatment of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Comprehensive Update of Preclinical and Clinical Research. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16172940"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.08.014","article-title":"The Role of Advanced Glycation End Products in Aging and Metabolic Diseases: Bridging Association and Causality","volume":"28","author":"Chaudhuri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"4320","article-title":"AGER1 downregulation associates with fibrosis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and type 2 diabetes","volume":"130","author":"Dehnad","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1080\/09540105.2021.1986471","article-title":"Anthocyanins profiling of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) extract that elucidates antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects","volume":"32","author":"Bayazid","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Agric. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.06.018","article-title":"Cyanidin-3-O-\u03b2-glucoside regulates the activation and the secretion of adipokines from brown adipose tissue and alleviates diet induced fatty liver","volume":"105","author":"Pei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxaa140","article-title":"Dietary Cyanidin-3-Glucoside Attenuates High-Fat-Diet-Induced Body-Weight Gain and Impairment of Glucose Tolerance in Mice via Effects on the Hepatic Hormone FGF21","volume":"150","author":"Tian","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9420016","DOI":"10.26599\/FMH.2024.9420016","article-title":"Flavonoid-Rich mulberry leaf extract modulate lipid metabolism, antioxidant capacity, and gut microbiota in high-fat diet-induced obesity: Potential roles of FGF21 and SOCS2","volume":"1","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Med. Homol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2022.09.020","article-title":"Mitochondrial alterations in fatty liver diseases","volume":"78","author":"Fromenty","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2024.102603","article-title":"The mitochondrial integrated stress response: A novel approach to anti-aging and pro-longevity","volume":"103","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2017.02.005","article-title":"Mitochondrial Sirtuins and Molecular Mechanisms of Aging","volume":"23","author":"Santos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaat5314","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat5314","article-title":"The integrated stress response: From mechanism to disease","volume":"368","author":"Walter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/15\/2430\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T04:26:57Z","timestamp":1785299217000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/15\/2430"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["nu18152430"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu18152430","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]]}}}