{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T09:01:31Z","timestamp":1785315691333,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":208,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that develops many years before clinical symptoms appear. The biological changes involved in the earliest stages remain poorly understood, particularly during the preclinical stage. Our previous work has identified gradual gut microbial and metabolic changes during this stage, suggesting these may represent early biological shifts that precede disease progression. Recent studies suggest that the gut microbiome may contribute to early AD processes through its effects on immune regulation, metabolism, and gut\u2013brain communication. Changes in gut microbial composition, including reduced levels of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria, such as Faecalibacterium, Roseburia, and Eubacterium, have been reported in individuals with AD and mild cognitive impairment. These microbial alterations have also been linked to disrupted metabolic activity, impaired gut barrier function, and increased neuroinflammatory responses. Diet is an important factor influencing gut microbial composition and metabolic activity. Mediterranean, DASH, and prudent dietary patterns are generally associated with beneficial microbial profiles and increased SCFA production, whereas Western dietary patterns are linked to lower microbial diversity and increased pro-inflammatory taxa. This review summarises the current evidence linking gut microbiota, SCFAs, microbial metabolism, and dietary patterns with early AD pathology, while highlighting important gaps in the existing literature.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18152469","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T08:16:52Z","timestamp":1785313012000},"page":"2469","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gut Microbiome Changes in Preclinical Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8266-8973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D. M. Sithara","family":"Dissanayaka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Research & Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia"},{"name":"Alzheimer\u2019s Research Australia, Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7328-9624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie R.","family":"Rainey-Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Research & Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia"},{"name":"Alzheimer\u2019s Research Australia, Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8017-8682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamid R.","family":"Sohrabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alzheimer\u2019s Research Australia, Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3374-0916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thilini N.","family":"Jayasinghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydney Dental School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia"},{"name":"Oral Health Services, Western Sydney Local Health District, Westmead, NSW 2151, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3127-2933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincent","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown Hospital, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8681-0626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vijay","family":"Jayasena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, M15, Room G54, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8106-7957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin","family":"Taddei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Research & Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia"},{"name":"Alzheimer\u2019s Research Australia, Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia"},{"name":"Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3072-7940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Colin L.","family":"Masters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia"},{"name":"The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4828-9363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ralph N.","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Research & Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia"},{"name":"Alzheimer\u2019s Research Australia, Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia"},{"name":"Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8364-7808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"W. 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