{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T08:59:46Z","timestamp":1785488386789,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Vitamin D deficiency in older adults may impair muscle function and physical performance. This prospective observational cohort study examined the 12-month outcomes of vitamin D supplementation, delivered as part of routine clinical care, in older adults with vitamin D deficiency compared with an insufficiency comparison group. Methods: A total of 194 participants aged \u226560 years were enrolled: 164 with vitamin D deficiency (25(OH)D &lt;20 ng\/mL; supplementation group) and 30 with insufficiency (20\u201329 ng\/mL; comparison group). The supplementation group received supplementation targeting 25(OH)D &gt;30 ng\/mL; the comparison group received no supplementation. The Handgrip Strength Test (HGS), the Gait Speed Test (GST), the Short Physical Performance Battery Test (SPPB), and the Timed Up and Go Test (TUG) were assessed at baseline and 12 months. Results: Supplementation raised 25(OH)D by 142.9% versus 5.4% in the comparison group (p &lt; 0.001). For the primary outcome, the supplementation group showed a 16.2% increase in the HGS versus no change in the comparison group (p &lt; 0.001; ANCOVA partial \u03b72 = 0.284). For the secondary outcomes, the comparison group was associated with a significant functional decline relative to the supplementation group: the median change on the SPPB in the comparison group was 0.0% (IQR: \u22128.7, 0.0; between-group p &lt; 0.001) and the TUG worsened by +3.2% (between-group p &lt; 0.001), while the supplementation group remained stable. The ANCOVA indicated between-group differences on the SPPB (p &lt; 0.001) and TUG (p = 0.002). Gait speed showed no significant difference. Conclusions: Vitamin D supplementation was associated with more favourable functional outcomes across multiple musculoskeletal domains in vitamin D-deficient older adults. The comparison group\u2019s deterioration on the SPPB and TUG is consistent with an association between correcting deficiency and preserved function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18152477","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T08:20:18Z","timestamp":1785486018000},"page":"2477","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Vitamin D Supplementation and 12-Month Changes in Muscle Function and Physical Performance in Older Adults with Vitamin D Deficiency: A Prospective Observational Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Christina","family":"Angelaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasiliki","family":"Mamakou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Dromokaiteio Psychiatric Hospital, 12461 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7560-0575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioanna A.","family":"Anastasiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Mourkogiannis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aristotelis","family":"Vathis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Angelakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Programme \u201cThe Interaction Between the Immune System and Kidney Disease: Translational and Clinical Approach\u201d, School of Medicine, Aristotle University, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgia","family":"Markou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Department of Vascular Surgery, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stavroula-Panagiota","family":"Lontou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4160-0577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Makrilakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Kokkinos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0615-2534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Tentolouris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glx168","article-title":"The Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency and the Determinants of 25(OH)D Concentration in Older Irish Adults: Data from The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA)","volume":"73","author":"Laird","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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