{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T04:50:02Z","timestamp":1785905402905,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"US Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Services","award":["#3062-10700-001-000D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#3062-10700-001-000D"]}]},{"name":"East Carolina University with NC State University was funded by the National Institutes of Health","award":["R01 HL142544"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL142544"]}]},{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Human Sciences"},{"name":"National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities of the National Institutes of Health","award":["DK138153"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK138153"]}]},{"name":"National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities of the National Institutes of Health","award":["P20 GM109096"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20 GM109096"]}]},{"award":["DK138153"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK138153"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0493hgw16","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["P20 GM109096"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20 GM109096"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0493hgw16","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007069","name":"Oklahoma State University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01g9vbr38","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture\u2019s National Institute of Food and Agriculture","award":["7006846"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7006846"]}]},{"award":["7006846"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7006846"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05qx3fv49","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The reflection spectroscopy (RS)-based skin carotenoid score (SCS) has been validated to assess carotenoid intake. However, associations between the SCS and individual dietary carotenoid species have been inconsistently reported in the previous literature. This study examined the utility of using a carotenoid screener along with RS to assess individual dietary carotenoid species intake among U.S. adults. Methods: Adults (N = 280) from eight U.S. sites completed a 44-item carotenoid intake screener to estimate total and individual dietary carotenoid intake (\u03b1-carotene, \u03b2-carotene, \u03b2-cryptoxanthin, lutein + zeaxanthin, and lycopene) over the past 7 days. Each participant\u2019s SCS was measured using two Veggie Meter\u00ae devices. Spearman\u2019s Rank correlation tests and linear mixed models with a random intercept for site were conducted. Results: Mean (\u00b1 Standard Deviations) carotenoid intake ranged from 21,226.8 \u00b1 9914.1 to 28,863.5 \u00b1 22,462.2 \u00b5g\/day, and mean SCS ranged from 229.2 \u00b1 72.3 to 325.6 \u00b1 94.1 across the eight sites. Participants\u2019 SCS was significantly associated with self-reported total carotenoids (mg)\/week (rs = 0.2 and B = 0.11; p &lt; 0.01) and with all individual carotenoids (rs ranged from 0.15 to 0.23, p &lt; 0.01; B ranged from 0.11 to 21.1, p &lt; 0.01), except lycopene. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that combining the carotenoid intake screener with RS may offer a practical approach for assessing individual carotenoid species intake in adults.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18152515","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T10:24:07Z","timestamp":1785752647000},"page":"2515","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Self-Reported Dietary Carotenoid Intake and Skin Carotenoid Score Status in a Geographically Diverse U.S. Sample"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2121-8642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saima","family":"Hasnin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan B.","family":"Sisson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Campus, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Jilcott Pitts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin D.","family":"Dvorak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Hudson College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Campus, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taren Massey","family":"Swindle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA"},{"name":"Arkansas Children\u2019s Research Institute, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA"},{"name":"Arkansas Children\u2019s Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6954-9523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shanon L.","family":"Casperson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3538-6631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashlea","family":"Braun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Education & Human Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74075, USA"},{"name":"TSET Health Promotion Research Center, OU Health Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Campus, Tulsa, OK 74135, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Baldwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Lynn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Dietitian Specialized in Dialysis and Renal Transplant, Oklahoma Children\u2019s Hospital, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6152-1438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virginia C.","family":"Stage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Human Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Office of Dietary Supplements (2025, March 18). 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