{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T08:46:58Z","timestamp":1785833218994,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HD084163"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HD084163"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R03HD092609"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R03HD092609"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["R01HD084163"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HD084163"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04byxyr05","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["R03HD092609"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R03HD092609"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04byxyr05","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The predictive value of the Nursing Child Assessment Feeding Scale (NCAFS) for eating, diet, and growth outcomes among healthy infants is not well-described. Methods: In this prospective cohort study, healthy infants (n = 227) were assessed with the NCAFS at 0.5, 2, and 4 months and outcomes were measured concurrently and at 12 months. Maternal feeding and infant eating behaviors were observed during a separate feeding and assessed with the Infant Feeding Styles Questionnaire, Baby Eating Behavior Questionnaire, Children\u2019s Eating Behavior Questionnaire-Toddler, and a diet questionnaire. Sucking was measured and anthropometry obtained. Results: In mixed models with repeated measures, concurrent associations included maternal verbalization while waiting for a separate feeding with maternal Sensitivity to Cues (\u03b2 = 0.80) and maternal Cognitive Growth Fostering (\u03b2 = 1.05); maternal verbalization during a separate feeding with maternal Social\u2013Emotional Growth Fostering (\u03b2 = 1.10) and maternal Cognitive Growth Fostering (\u03b2 = 1.37); suck duration with infant Clarity of Cues (\u03b2 = \u22125.35); feeding duration with maternal Social\u2013Emotional Growth Fostering (\u03b2 = 0.04), maternal Cognitive Growth Fostering (\u03b2 = 0.03), and infant Responsiveness to Caregiver (\u03b2 = 0.06); and bottle-feeding intensity with maternal Social\u2013Emotional Growth Fostering (\u03b2 = \u22121.11). Prospective associations included maternal Sensitivity to Cues with infant weight-for-length z-score change per month (\u03b2 = \u22120.02) and maternal Social\u2013Emotional Growth Fostering with breastmilk feeding intensity (\u03b2 = 0.06). Conclusions: Associations were primarily null. However, more social interaction during feeding, less nutritive sucking (i.e., shorter suck duration), longer feeding duration, and lower bottle-feeding intensity were associated with more optimal NCAFS scores concurrently, and more optimal NCAFS scores were associated with lower weight-for-length z-score change and greater breastmilk feeding intensity prospectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18152532","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T08:02:19Z","timestamp":1785830539000},"page":"2532","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Primarily Null Associations Between the Nursing Child Assessment Feeding Scale and Maternal Feeding Behaviors, Infant Eating Behaviors, Diet, and Growth: A Prospective Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6642-5691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cin Cin","family":"Tan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1486-1890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie","family":"Sturza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, Building 520, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2948-4446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alison K.","family":"Ventura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Public Health, Center for Health Research, Bailey College of Science and Mathematics, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9866-0204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alison L.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Behavior and Health Equity, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3843-5731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashley N.","family":"Gearhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, University of Michigan, 2268 East Hall, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8843-8231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niko","family":"Kaciroti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, Building 520, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7898-8210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie C.","family":"Lumeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, Building 520, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Bretherton, I. 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