{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T09:48:24Z","timestamp":1785836904821,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: This study examined whether adding 10 g of protein to a high glycaemic index (GI) breakfast could attenuate postprandial glycaemic responses in children and young people (CYP) with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Postprandial glucose responses following this modified breakfast were compared with those after a high GI breakfast alone, a low GI breakfast, and participants\u2019 usual breakfast. Methods: A pragmatic randomised crossover study was conducted in n = 25 CYP aged 5\u201317 years. Participants consumed three standardised test breakfasts on two study occasions and their usual breakfast as a control. Test meals varied by GI, glycaemic load (GL), and protein content: high GI\/high GL (HGL), high GI\/high GL with an additional 10 g protein (HGLP), and low GI\/medium GL (MGL). Continuous glucose monitoring data were collected for three hours following each meal. Linear mixed model analyses were used, and a subgroup analysis included participants using hybrid closed-loop (HCL) systems. Results: Participants\u2019 (mean age 12.1 \u00b1 3.6 years) mean postprandial glucose over a three-hour follow-up was significantly lower following the HGLP meal compared with the HGL meal (8.0 \u00b1 2.2 vs. 9.5 \u00b1 2.5 mmol\/L; p &lt; 0.01). Time in Range (TIR) over 180 min was significantly shorter after the HGL meal compared with the control, HGLP, and MGL meals (p \u2264 0.03). Glucose excursions at 30 and 60 min were significantly higher following the HGL meal compared with all other meals, with differences persisting up to 120 min when compared with the HGLP meal. Results were not different for participants using HCL systems. Conclusions: Adding 10 g of protein to a high GI breakfast or choosing a lower GI option improves postprandial glycaemic control in CYP with type 1 diabetes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18152536","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T09:15:22Z","timestamp":1785834922000},"page":"2536","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Protein-Containing Breakfasts Are Associated with Reduced Postprandial Glycaemic Excursions in Children and Young People with Type 1 Diabetes: A Pragmatic Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2681-3723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie","family":"Johnson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, NHS Highland, Raigmore Hospital, Inverness IV2 3UJ, UK"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7213-5500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria","family":"Franklin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, NHS Highland, Raigmore Hospital, Inverness IV2 3BW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7687-4586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashley","family":"Shepherd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonja","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Diabetes, Croydon University Hospital, 530 London Road, Thornton Heath CR7 7YE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debbie","family":"Blissitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, The Hillingdon Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Pield Heath Road, London UB8 3NN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"Keen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Epsom & St Helier University Hospitals NHS Trust, Wrythe Lane, London SM5 1AA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsty","family":"Maclean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Royal Hospital for Children, 1345 Govan Road, Govan, Glasgow G51 4TF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8401-134X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne-Marie","family":"McKillup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Evelina London Children\u2019s Hospital, St Thomas\u2019 Hospital, Westminster Bridge Road, London SE1 7EH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Procter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Derby Road, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Roach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Leicester Royal Infirmary, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Infirmary Square, Leicester LE1 5WW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adele","family":"Swart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Diabetes, Kaleidoscope CYP Centre, Lewisham and Greenwich NHS Trust, 32 Rushey Green, London SE6 4JF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1622-3044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stuart D. R.","family":"Galloway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.13429","article-title":"ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2022: Nutritional management in children and adolescents with diabetes","volume":"23","author":"Annan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-543X.2004.00035.x","article-title":"Continuous glucose monitoring in children with type 1 diabetes: Before and after insulin pump therapy","volume":"5","author":"Heptulla","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatr. 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