{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T15:23:37Z","timestamp":1786116217892,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine, China Astronaut Research and Training Center","award":["SKL2024K09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKL2024K09"]}]},{"award":["SKL2024K09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKL2024K09"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/001ycj259","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007433","name":"China West Normal University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20E058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20E058"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007433","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["20E058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20E058"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04s99y476","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Prolonged exposure to microgravity during spaceflight leads to significant bone loss. The phenomenon of weightlessness-induced bone loss (WIBL) continues to intensify as the flight time increases and this has attracted considerable attention of scholars. Methods: In this study, proteomic analysis was performed to identify potential signaling pathways involved in WIBL. Subsequently, the effectiveness of Atractylodes macrocephala polysaccharide (AMP) 1-1 on WIBL was investigated using a rat hindlimb suspension (HLS) model and a co-culture model of osteoblasts and RAW264.7 cell line. Results: It was found that AMP1-1 treatment improved bone microarchitecture, reduced the bone transformation rate, and enhanced bone biomechanical properties in the HLS model. In the cell co-culture system, AMP1-1 significantly inhibited osteoclastic differentiation, promoted osteoblastic differentiation, and attenuated osteoblastic apoptosis. The interaction between the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) system and antioxidant enzymes represented a key pathway mediating WIBL. Further investigation confirmed that AMP1-1 facilitated the nuclear translocation of Nrf2, up-regulated heme oxygenase-1 protein expression, and enhanced the transcription of downstream antioxidant enzymes. Consequently, it maintained bone homeostasis and protected against bone loss. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that AMP1-1 protects against WIBL by modulating the Nrf2 pathway and suppressing oxidative stress, offering a potential therapeutic strategy for mitigating bone loss in weightless environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18152566","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T08:08:02Z","timestamp":1786003682000},"page":"2566","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An Inulin-Type Atractylodes Macrocephala Polysaccharide Alleviates Weightlessness-Induced Bone Loss in Association with the Nrf2\/HO-1 Pathway"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Jinpeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 2 Yi Kuang Street, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0188-8107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 2 Yi Kuang Street, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 2 Yi Kuang Street, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenfeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 2 Yi Kuang Street, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruifang","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Space Environment and Physical Sciences, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siyu","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 2 Yi Kuang Street, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 2 Yi Kuang Street, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiuxin","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 2 Yi Kuang Street, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinghui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Diao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China"},{"name":"Collaboration Innovation Center for Tissue Repair Material Engineering Technology, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6610-8610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lijun","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 2 Yi Kuang Street, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1007\/s12217-018-9653-2","article-title":"SCD\u2014Stem Cell Differentiation Toward Osteoblast Onboard the International Space Station","volume":"30","author":"Bradamante","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microgravity Sci. 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