{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T04:31:50Z","timestamp":1786509110410,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Long-term fluctuations in body weight may reflect changes in energy balance, illness, or intentional weight loss. However, their association with subsequent triglyceride concentrations remains uncertain. Objective: To examine the association between long-term weight variability and subsequent triglyceride concentrations while accounting for directional weight change. We also assessed the robustness of the findings to adjustment for adiposity, missing data, and socioeconomic and lifestyle covariates. Methods: We analyzed adults from the China Health and Nutrition Survey who had at least three measured weights during 1989\u20132006 and a triglyceride measurement in 2009. The core complete-case analysis included 5191 participants and adjusted for baseline age, sex, weight slope, number of weight measurements, and working status in 2009. Weight variability was assessed using the coefficient of variation (CV; per 1 SD increment, standardized among 9500 eligible participants) and average successive variability (ASV; per 5 kg increment). Results: In the core model, each 1 SD increment in CV was associated with 2.7% higher triglyceride concentrations (\u03b2 = 0.026, 95% CI: 0.007 to 0.045; p = 0.007). Each 5 kg increment in ASV was associated with 10.7% higher triglyceride concentrations (\u03b2 = 0.102, 95% CI: 0.057 to 0.147; p &lt; 0.001). After further adjustment for baseline BMI in the same BMI-complete sample, the corresponding estimates were 3.6% (95% CI: 1.7% to 5.6%) and 5.6% (95% CI: 1.0% to 10.3%), respectively. Multiple imputation yielded similar estimates. A four-knot restricted cubic spline analysis supported an overall association between CV and triglyceride concentrations (p = 0.016), with no strong evidence of nonlinearity (p = 0.101). Marginal standardization yielded adjusted differences in arithmetic mean triglyceride concentrations of 0.048 mmol\/L per 1 SD increment in CV and 0.200 mmol\/L per 5 kg increment in ASV. Conclusions: Greater long-term weight variability was associated with modestly higher subsequent triglyceride concentrations. Because of the observational design, the heterogeneous causes of weight change, and the possibility of residual confounding, the findings should not be interpreted as causal or independent of obesity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18162605","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T08:08:53Z","timestamp":1786349333000},"page":"2605","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Long-Term Weight Variability Is Associated with Higher Triglyceride Concentrations After Accounting for Long-Term Weight Slope"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1000-290X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miaomiao","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Physical Education, Guangdong University of Education, Guangzhou 510303, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiguo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Sports and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China"},{"name":"Research Center for Innovative Development of Sports and Healthcare Integration, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Sports and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China"},{"name":"Research Center for Innovative Development of Sports and Healthcare Integration, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0183-2100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoguang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Sports and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China"},{"name":"Research Center for Innovative Development of Sports and Healthcare Integration, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-023-00847-5","article-title":"Obesity and the Risk of Cardiometabolic Diseases","volume":"20","author":"Valenzuela","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s43556-025-00264-9","article-title":"Obesity: Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Interventions","volume":"6","author":"Kong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-022-01735-x","article-title":"Weight Variability and Cardiovascular Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"22","author":"Massey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"200548","article-title":"Long-Term Body Mass Index Variability and the Risk of Cardiometabolic Multimorbidity in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: Insights from Two Prospective Cohorts","volume":"27","author":"Ren","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol. Cardiovasc. Risk Prev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2020.100065","article-title":"Associations of Weight Changes with All-Cause, Cancer and Cardiovascular Mortality: A Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"2","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Public Health Pract."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1606148","article-title":"Body-Weight Fluctuations and Outcomes in Coronary Disease","volume":"376","author":"Bangalore","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12250","article-title":"Pathways from Dieting to Weight Regain, to Obesity and to the Metabolic Syndrome: An Overview","volume":"16","author":"Dulloo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stommel, M., and Schoenborn, C.A. (2009). Accuracy and Usefulness of BMI Measures Based on Self-Reported Weight and Height: Findings from the NHANES & NHIS 2001\u20132006. BMC Public Health, 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-9-421"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e220055","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.0055","article-title":"Body Weight Variability and Risk of Cardiovascular Outcomes and Death in the Context of Weight Loss Intervention among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"5","author":"Kaze","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9543","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46037-7","article-title":"Impact of Weight Variability on Mortality among Korean Men and Women: A Population Based Study","volume":"9","author":"Choi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Q.-M., Shen, D., Gao, J., Chen, H., Xie, J.-H., Yan, H.-Y., Wu, B., Li, Z.-H., Liu, G., and Mao, C. (2024). Association of Weight Change with All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality: An Age-Stratified Analysis. BMC Med., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-024-03665-9"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e243062","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.3062","article-title":"Long-Term Body Mass Index Variability and Adverse Cardiovascular Outcomes","volume":"7","author":"Almuwaqqat","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyp322","article-title":"Cohort Profile: The China Health and Nutrition Survey\u2014Monitoring and Understanding Socio-Economic and Health Change in China, 1989\u20132011","volume":"39","author":"Popkin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpc.2023.100610","article-title":"Association between Weight Variability, Weight Change and Clinical Outcomes in Hypertension","volume":"16","author":"Kazibwe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2234","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-2552","article-title":"Body Weight Variability and the Risk of Cardiovascular Outcomes and Mortality in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Nationwide Cohort Study","volume":"43","author":"Nam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2022.03.022","article-title":"Variability of Biomarkers Used for the Classification of Metabolic Syndrome: A Repeated Measurements Study","volume":"32","author":"Ittermann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2025.120529","article-title":"Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins, Remnants and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: What We Know and What We Need to Know","volume":"410","author":"Chapman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4791","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab551","article-title":"Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins and Their Remnants: Metabolic Insights, Role in Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease, and Emerging Therapeutic Strategies-a Consensus Statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society","volume":"42","author":"Ginsberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cdnut.2025.107197","article-title":"Impact of Weight Cycling on Metabolic Adaptation, GLP-1 Regulation and Epigenetic Modifications","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Dev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-023-00887-4","article-title":"Obesity-Induced and Weight-Loss-Induced Physiological Factors Affecting Weight Regain","volume":"19","author":"Mariman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caslin, H.L., Cottam, M.A., Pi\u00f1on, J.M., Boney, L.Y., and Hasty, A.H. (2023). Weight Cycling Induces Innate Immune Memory in Adipose Tissue Macrophages. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.984859"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-018-0148-4","article-title":"Mechanisms of Weight Regain after Weight Loss\u2014The Role of Adipose Tissue","volume":"15","author":"Mariman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.7570\/jomes.2017.26.4.237","article-title":"Weight Cycling and Its Cardiometabolic Impact","volume":"26","author":"Rhee","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Obes. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-022-01689-0","article-title":"Body-Weight Variability and Risk of Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes: A Retrospective Observational Analysis of Data from the DCCT\/EDIC Population","volume":"21","author":"Petria","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-024-02299-8","article-title":"BMI Variability and Cardiovascular Outcomes within Clinical Trial and Real-World Environments in Type 2 Diabetes: An IMI2 SOPHIA Study","volume":"23","author":"Massey","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-9007(03)00061-3","article-title":"Body Composition Interpretation: Contributions of the Fat-Free Mass Index and the Body Fat Mass Index","volume":"19","author":"Kyle","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2017.11","article-title":"Associations between Body Mass Index-Related Genetic Variants and Adult Body Composition: The Fenland Cohort Study","volume":"41","author":"Clifton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/16\/2605\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T04:21:49Z","timestamp":1786508509000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/16\/2605"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["nu18162605"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu18162605","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]}}}