{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:01:25Z","timestamp":1787029285211,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]],"date-time":"2026-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Murata Foundation Scholarship 2022, Chiang Mai University"},{"name":"Thailand Research Fund (TRF) Research Team Promotion Grant, RTA, Senior Research Scholar","award":["N42A671052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N42A671052"]}]},{"name":"Teaching Assistant\/Research Assistant (TA\/RA) Scholarship, Chiang Mai University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Choline is an essential nutrient, and deficiency is associated with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. Research shows that Western populations have inadequate choline intake; however, the intake in Asian populations is less studied. This study developed a choline database for Thai food and evaluated intake in the Thai population. Methods: Following guidelines of the Food and Agriculture Organization\/the International Network of Food Data Systems, 1806 Thai food items were matched to the U.S. choline database, and the missForest imputation method was used to impute missing data. Choline intake was assessed in Thai adults aged 18 years and older using a nationally representative sample of the Thai Food Consumption Survey (n = 3593). Results: Animal-based foods such as eggs, meat, and fish contained more choline than plant-based foods. Median choline intake was 134.7 mg\/day (IQR: 70.6, 229.3), with 3.6% of Thai individuals meeting adequate intake levels. Men consumed more choline than women (median 153 vs. 120 mg\/day; p &lt; 0.001). Choline intake declined with age but did not differ by body mass index. Conclusions: This study created a choline database for Thai food and shows that most Thais have intake below the recommended intake levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18162673","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T10:04:36Z","timestamp":1786961076000},"page":"2673","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development of a Choline Database for Thai Food and a Population-Wide Assessment of Choline Intake in Thailand"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Thet Htoo","family":"Min","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6571-5350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nawarat","family":"Vongvimetee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chayanist","family":"Wanijjakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4410-7021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nipa","family":"Rojroongwasinkul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9831-693X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kunchit","family":"Judprasong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7942-1665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julaluk","family":"Khemacheewakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4699-1351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noppol","family":"Leksawasdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8157-4433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pornchai","family":"Rachtanapun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5303-0401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akira","family":"Sittikho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Biochemical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0140-4942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siraphat","family":"Taesuwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"},{"name":"Functional Foods and Nutrition Research (FFNR) Laboratory, Food, Chemical and Biotechnology Cluster, Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore 828608, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3945\/an.114.007955","article-title":"Choline, Its Potential Role in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, and the Case for Human and Bacterial Genes","volume":"7","author":"Sherriff","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. 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